Engineering of microfabricated ion traps and integration of advanced on-chip features

Atomic ions trapped in electromagnetic potentials have long been used for fundamental studies in quantum physics. Over the past two decades, trapped ions have been successfully used to implement technologies such as quantum computing, quantum simulation, atomic clocks, mass spectrometers and quantum sensors. Advanced fabrication techniques, taken from other established or emerging disciplines, are used to create new, reliable ion-trap devices aimed at large-scale integration and compatibility with commercial fabrication. This Technical Review covers the fundamentals of ion trapping before discussing the design of ion traps for the aforementioned applications. We overview the current microfabrication techniques and the various considerations behind the choice of materials and processes. Finally, we discuss current efforts to include advanced, on-chip features in next-generation ion traps

S21. THE IMPACT OF PERSISTENT NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS ON FUNCTIONING AND DEFEATIST BELIEFS IN YOUTH AT CLINICAL HIGH RISK FOR PSYCHOSIS

Abstract Background Persistent negative symptoms (PNS) are defined as enduring moderate negative symptoms while controlling for principal sources of secondary negative symptoms. PNS symptoms have been associated with poor functional outcomes in schizophrenia. Furthermore, in schizophrenia negative symptoms and poor functioning have been reportedly associated with defeatist beliefs (e.g., “I always fail”). Youth at clinical high risk (CHR) for developing psychosis often demonstrate negative symptoms, poor functioning, and defeatist beliefs. The goal of this study was to determine if negative symptoms were associated with poor functioning and defeatist beliefs in a CHR longitudinal cohort. Methods CHR (N=764) participants were recruited for the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study (NAPLS 2) at 8-sites across North America. Negative symptoms were rated on the Scale of Prodromal Symptoms (SOPS) at baseline, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. For this study negative symptoms were restricted to social anhedonia (N1), avolition (N2), and expression of emotion (N3) based on recommendations from the NIMH-MATRICS consensus statement on negative symptoms. PNS were defined as having one of these three negative symptoms scored ≥4 (i.e., moderately severe to extreme) for a period of one year. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS). To assess defeatist beliefs the Brief Core Schema Scale (BCSS) was utilized as a proxy to evaluate negative self-beliefs (e.g., “I am worthless”) and positive self-beliefs (e.g., “I am valuable”). Generalized linear mixed models for repeated measures were used to examine changes over time between and within groups to accommodate for missing data and account for intra-participant correlations. Results Sixty-seven CHR individuals had PNS. Mixed-effect models demonstrated that the PNS group had significant global, social, and role functioning deficits at baseline, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months compared to CHR individuals without PNS (n=673). Moreover, functioning did not improve in the PNS group while functioning in the group without PNS significantly improved over time. There were no significant differences between the groups on depressive symptoms with the CDSS. The PNS group had significantly higher BCSS self-negative beliefs at 12 and 24 months compared to the group without PNS. Individuals without PNS had significantly higher positive self-beliefs (e.g., “I am valuable”) at baseline, 6 months, 12 months and 24 months compared to the PNS group. Discussion The results indicate that in the NAPLS cohort 10% of CHR individuals have PNS. Moreover, the PNS group demonstrated significant and persistent global, social, and role functioning deficits compared to those without PNS. The group without PNS had higher levels of positive beliefs (e.g., “I am successful”), which may indicate a protective factor against developing PNS

Developing an OMERACT core outcome set for assessing safety components in rheumatology trials: The OMERACT safety working group

Objective. Failure to report harmful outcomes in clinical research can introduce bias favoring a potentially harmful intervention. While core outcome sets (COS) are available for benefits in randomized controlled trials in many rheumatic conditions, less attention has been paid to safety in such COS. The Outcome Measures in Rheumatology (OMERACT) Filter 2.0 emphasizes the importance of measuring harms. The Safety Working Group was reestablished at the OMERACT 2016 with the objective to develop a COS for assessing safety components in trials across rheumatologic conditions. Methods. The safety issue has previously been discussed at OMERACT, but without a consistent approach to ensure harms were included in COS. Our methods include (1) identifying harmful outcomes in trials of interventions studied in patients with rheumatic diseases by a systematic literature review, (2) identifying components of safety that should be measured in such trials by use of a patient-driven approach including qualitative data collection and statistical organization of data, and (3) developing a COS through consensus processes including everyone involved. Results. Members of OMERACT including patients, clinicians, researchers, methodologists, and industry representatives reached consensus on the need to continue the efforts on developing a COS for safety in rheumatology trials. There was a general agreement about the need to identify safety-related outcomes that are meaningful to patients, framed in terms that patients consider relevant so that they will be able to make informed decisions. Conclusion. The OMERACT Safety Working Group will advance the work previously done within OMERACT using a new patient-driven approach