Réalisation d’un Contrat d’Etudes Prospectives des secteurs du transport: Rapport final

Le CEP a pour objectif de réaliser un état des lieux du secteur, de conduire une analyse prospective qualitative et quantitative de l’évolution des métiers et des besoins de compétences du transport et de préconiser un plan d’actions pour les transports routiers, maritimes et fluviaux. A l’issue des travaux d’étude, le rapport final a été remis aux membres du Comité de pilotage (Ministère de l’emploi - DGEFP, Représentants des branches des transports, l’OPCA Transports et Services, Pôle Emploi, Ministère de l’écologie et du développement durable, des transport et du logement)

Impact of organised programs on colorectal cancer screening

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Purpose</p> <p>Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening has been shown to decrease CRC mortality. Organised mass screening programs are being implemented in France. Its perception in the general population and by general practitioners is not well known.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Two nationwide observational telephone surveys were conducted in early 2005. First among a representative sample of subjects living in France and aged between 50 and 74 years that covered both geographical departments with and without implemented screening services. Second among General Practionners (Gps). Descriptive and multiple logistic regression was carried out.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Twenty-five percent of the persons(N = 1509) reported having undergone at least one CRC screening, 18% of the 600 interviewed GPs reported recommending a screening test for CRC systematically to their patients aged 50–74 years. The odds ratio (OR) of having undergone a screening test using FOBT was 3.91 (95% CI: 2.49–6.16) for those living in organised departments (referent group living in departments without organised screening), almost twice as high as impact educational level (OR = 2.03; 95% CI: 1.19–3.47).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>CRC screening is improved in geographical departments where it is organised by health authorities. In France, an organised screening programs decrease inequalities for CRC screening.</p

Effects of competitive pressure and habitat heterogeneity on niche partitioning between Arctic and boreal congeners

The rapidly changing climate in the Arctic is expected to have a major impact on the foraging ecology of seabirds, owing to changes in the distribution and abundance of their prey but also that of competitors (e.g. southerly species expanding their range into the Arctic). Species can respond to interspecific competition by segregating along different niche axes. Here, we studied spatial, temporal and habitat segregation between two closely related seabird species: common guillemot Uria aalge (a temperate species) and Brünnich’s guillemot Uria lomvia (a true Arctic species), at two sympatric sites in Iceland that differ in their total population sizes and the availability of marine habitats. We deployed GPS and temperature-depth recorders to describe foraging locations and behaviour of incubating and chick-rearing adults. We found similar evidence of spatial segregation at the two sites (i.e. independent of population sizes), although segregation in environmental space was only evident at the site with a strong habitat gradient. Unexpectedly, temporal (and, to a limited extent, vertical) segregation appeared only at the least populated site. Overall, our results show complex relationships between the levels of inferred competition and that of segregation

Cold comfort: Arctic seabirds find refugia from climate change and potential competition in marginal ice zones and fjords

Climate change alters species distributions by shifting their fundamental niche in space through time. Such effects may be exacerbated by increased inter-specific competition if climate alters species dominance where competitor ranges overlap. This study used census data, telemetry and stable isotopes to examine the population and foraging ecology of a pair of Arctic and temperate congeners across an extensive zone of sympatry in Iceland, where sea temperatures varied substantially. The abundance of Arctic Brünnich’s guillemot Uria lomvia declined with sea temperature. Accessibility of refugia in cold water currents or fjords helped support higher numbers and reduce rates of population decline. Competition with temperate Common guillemots Uria aalge did not affect abundance, but similarities in foraging ecology were sufficient to cause competition when resources are limiting. Continued warming is likely to lead to further declines of Brünnich’s guillemot, with implications for conservation status and ecosystem services

Energetic needs and spatial distribution of the Greater Flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus) in the Camargue salt pans, reconversion consequences of the site for the conservation of the species

Comprendre et prédire l'impact des changements d'affectation des terres sur les espèces est fondamental pour réduire les effets négatifs sur la biodiversité. L'exploitation du sel de mer, menée dans des salins, a contribué à façonner des écosystèmes anthropisés abritant souvent une biodiversité remarquable. C'est notamment le cas de l'emblématique flamant rose (Phoenicopterus roseus) dans le bassin méditerranéen, les salins lui offrant à la fois des zones d'alimentation et de reproduction. Cependant, l'industrie salinière est aujourd'hui en profonde mutation. En Camargue (Sud de la France), les salins de Giraud, qui abritent l'unique site français de reproduction du flamant rose, ont récemment cessé leur production sur près de la moitié de la surface et la partie restante pourrait être convertie en vue d'autres activités. L'objectif de cette thèse est de comprendre et de prédire les impacts de ces changements sur la population nicheuse de flamants roses en utilisant un modèle mécaniste individu-centré. Ce modèle requiert notamment trois paramètres fondamentaux dont la détermination a structuré ce travail: i) l'efficacité d'ingestion du flamant en fonction de la densité et du type de proies, ii) les besoins énergétiques de l'espèce et iii) les facteurs environnementaux autres que la disponibilité alimentaire affectant la distribution des flamants dans les salins. Nos résultats mettent en évidence i) l'importance des proies présentes dans la colonne d'eau (e.g. Artemia spp), plus faciles à filtrer que celles contenues dans le sédiment (e.g. larves de chironomes), ii) une préférence pour les étangs de salinité basse et moyenne (<150 g.l-1) et de forme géométrique simple (i.e. circulaire), iv) une plus grande sensibilité des mâles à une diminution de la ressource alimentaire dans les salins en raison de leurs besoins énergétiques plus élevés. Ces résultats ont permis de paramétrer un modèle mécaniste individu-centré qui offre un outil d'aide à la décision flexible pour penser et discuter du futur de la gestion des salins de Giraud. Nous encourageons l'utilisation de ce type d'outils prédictifs pour anticiper les effets des changements d'habitat sur la biodiversité et proposons des éléments de réflexion quant aux méthodes à employer pour anticiper ces impacts.Understanding and predicting the consequences of land-use changes on species are essential to decrease the negative effects on biodiversity. Salt harvesting in commercial saltpans shaped anthropogenic habitats harboring a typical biodiversity. This is particularly true for the emblematic Greater flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus) in the Mediterranean basin, saltpans offering foraging and nesting sites to this species. Nevertheless, the saltpans industry currently undergoes profound changes. In the Camargue (southern France), the saltpans of Salin-de-Giraud, which hold the unique French breeding site of the Greater flamingo, recently ceased their activity over half of the surface. The remaining part could be used for other industrial activities. Here, we aim at understanding and predicting the impacts of these changes on the breeding flamingo population, using an individual-based mechanistic model. This model needs three key parameters, the determination of which structured this work: i) the flamingo' efficiency to ingest food in function of the type and the density of prey, ii) flamingo energy requirements, iii) others environmental factors than food resources explaining flamingos' distribution in the saltpans. Our results show i) the importance of prey in the water column (e.g. Artemia spp.), easier to filter for flamingos comparing to prey in the sediment, ii) a flamingo preference for simple shaped ponds (i.e. circular) with low and medium salinity (<150 g.l-1), iii) a higher sensitivity of males to a decrease of food resources due to their higher energy requirements comparing to females. This study allowed implementing an individual-based mechanistic model providing a decision-making tool to discuss the future management of the saltpans of Salin-de-Giraud. Our study argues in favour of further use and development of this type of predictive tool to anticipate the effects of land-use changes on biodiversity. We also open up perspectives about the methods available to anticipate these impacts