SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates: A beginning of the end of COVID-19 pandemic- Editorial

With the emergence of the novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (Sars-CoV-2) came the harsh realization of how unprepared various government entities and societies were for a pandemic. The following year reigned in an economic and public health catastrophe, from which we are still slowly recovering today. In response, the brightest minds in the world collaborated and put scientific discovery into hyper drive, resulting in numerous vaccines' production – the quickest in history. To grasp the basic science behind vaccination, one must understand that every virus is different in the ‘5Ws and how’ it infects its host. As variable as the virus is, so is its host immune response depending on viral load, infection location, host gender, age, and immune status

Gender Distribution & Rank of Authorship in Surgical Literature

Background Authorship of surgical literature is important for the career advancement of surgeons, and gender disparities in authorship may hinder the representation and leadership of women within academic surgery. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the gender distribution of first, senior, and overall authorship in peer-reviewed surgical journal studies across all surgical specialties to determine if disparities exist. Methods PubMed, EMBASE, and Google Scholar databases were searched for studies investigating the gender distribution of authorship of surgical literature published before December 10th, 2021. Meta-analysis was performed and Cohen’s Q test for heterogenous effects was used to determine whether random or fixed-effects models were appropriate. Results Fifteen studies investigating gender distribution of authorship met inclusion, which included a total of 136,627 pooled studies. The meta-analysis demonstrated the meta-proportion of first authorship for women to be 20.6% (95% CI: 13.9, 28.2), the meta-proportion of senior authorship for women to be 11.9% (95% CI: 6.6, 18.5), and the meta-proportion of overall authorship for women to be 23% (95% CI: 16.2, 30.7). In addition, the proportion of senior authorship for women was found to be significantly lower than the proportion of overall authorship for women (11.9% versus 23.0%, P = .0106). Conclusion There is a significantly smaller proportion of women who are first, senior, and overall authors in surgical literature compared to their colleagues who are men. Sustainable and effective solutions aimed at improving the representation of women surgeons in surgical research and research leadership are necessary