Les mots français en -eur (-euse) / -aire en anglais contemporain : emprunt et création lexicale.

International audienceFrench words ending in-eur (-euse) and-aire in contemporary english : borrowing and word-formation The process of borrowing from French to English represents a major step in the constitution of the English lexicon. Our study focuses specifically on words ending in-eur,-euse and-aire. A brief historical outlook of this phenomenon reveals that the resort to French words is linked to the geopolitical situation of the country. The creation of a representative corpus of analysis (210 words ending in-eur and-euse, and 87 ending in-aire) implies taking parameters such as source or contemporaneousness into account. It turns out that most of these items are directly borrowed from French. Nevertheless, we can observe an activity of lexical creativity in contemporary English, which is confined to specific parts of the lexicon. The attested germanic suffixes-er,-or and-ary are indeed much more productive in English. The suffixes-eur,-euse and-aire are only active in English in semantic domains which are highly specific:-eur is attested in blends related to the emergence of new technologies (netpreneur, technopreneur), whereas-aire is productive among blends referring to the notion of "millionaire" (squillionaire, zillionaire). Contemporary English attributes a morphological status to these three suffixes of French origin, but use them mainly in the formation of blends. A phonological viewpoint associated with a frequency data analysis enables to bring forth a different perspective on these issues. The opacification of the etymological relations of the source language does not systematically trigger an integration of the phonological characteristics of the target language. Indeed, the lexical creations at stake, despite showing an integration of the morphological processes of English as well as a relevant usage frequency, maintain a demarcative final stress, representative of the French language.Le processus d'emprunt au français en anglais représente un phénomène majeur de l'histoire de la constitution du stock lexical anglais. Notre étude est centrée spécifiquement sur les termes qui se terminent en-eur (-euse) /-aire. Un aperçu historique du phénomène montre que le recours à l'emprunt au français est directement lié à la situation géopolitique du pays. L'élaboration d'un corpus d'analyse représentatif (210 mots en-eur et-euse, et 87 en-aire) suppose la prise en compte de paramètres tels que la source considérée ou encore la contemporanéité de l'item. Il s'avère que la plupart de ces termes sont des emprunts directs au français. Néanmoins, nous observons en anglais contemporain un processus localisé de création lexicale, mineur en raison de la concurrence des suffixes d'origine germanique-er,-or et-ary. Les suffixes-eur (-euse) et-aire sont uniquement productifs en anglais dans des domaines sémantiques spécifiques :-eur apparaît dans des formations amalgamées relatives au domaine de l'entreprise (netrepreneur, technopreneur), tandis que-aire forme des substantifs englobant la notion de «millionaire» (squillionaire, zillionaire). L'anglais contemporain reconnaît l'existence morphologique de ces trois suffixes français, mais les utilise davantage au sein de formations amalgamées. Le recours à la phonologie et à une analyse fréquentielle apporte un éclairage sur ces problèmes lexicologiques. L'opacification des relations étymologiques de la langue source n'entraîne pas nécessairement une intégration des caractéristiques phonologiques de la langue cible. Les créations lexicales conservent en majorité une accentuation démarcative finale, typique du français, malgré une intégration des caractéristiques lexicographiques de l'anglais et une fréquence d'utilisation non négligeable

Stress in Prefixed Disyllabic Verb/Noun Pairs

International audienceSummary of stress variation, data consistency between dictionaries, and detailed analysis of two parameters: frequency (from COCAE data) and vowel quality (full and/or reduced vowe

Multicategorial Prefixed Words Stress Behaviour: Variation and Frequency

International audienceIn-depth analysis of intra- and inter-dialectal variation, and of the role of word frequenc

Climate-Based Models for Understanding and Forecasting Dengue Epidemics

Dengue fever is a major public health problem in the tropics and subtropics. Since no vaccine exists, understanding and predicting outbreaks remain of crucial interest. Climate influences the mosquito-vector biology and the viral transmission cycle. Its impact on dengue dynamics is of growing interest. We analyzed the epidemiology of dengue in Noumea (New Caledonia) from 1971 to 2010 and its relationships with local and remote climate conditions using an original approach combining a comparison of epidemic and non epidemic years, bivariate and multivariate analyses. We found that the occurrence of outbreaks in Noumea was strongly influenced by climate during the last forty years. Efficient models were developed to estimate the yearly risk of outbreak as a function of two meteorological variables that were contemporaneous (explicative model) or prior (predictive model) to the outbreak onset. Local threshold values of maximal temperature and relative humidity were identified. Our results provide new insights to understand the link between climate and dengue outbreaks, and have a substantial impact on dengue management in New Caledonia since the health authorities have integrated these models into their decision making process and vector control policies. This raises the possibility to provide similar early warning systems in other countries

Dengue 1 Diversity and Microevolution, French Polynesia 2001–2006: Connection with Epidemiology and Clinics

The molecular characterization of 181 serotype 1 Dengue fever (DENV-1) viruses collected regularly during the 2001–2006 period in French Polynesia (FP) from patients experiencing various clinical presentations revealed that the virus responsible for the severe 2001 outbreak was introduced from South-East Asia, and evolved under an endemic mode until a new epidemic five years later. The dynamics of DENV-1 epidemics in FP did not follow the model of repeated virus introductions described in other South Pacific islands. They were characterized by a long sustained viral circulation and the absence of new viral introduction over a six-year period. Viral genetic variability was not observed only during outbreaks. In contrast with conventional thinking, a significant part of DENV-1 evolution may occur during endemic periods, and may reflect adaptation to the mosquito vector. However, DENV-1 evolution was globally characterized by strong purifying selection pressures leading to genome conservation, like other DENV serotypes and other arboviruses subject to constraints imposed by the host-vector alternating replication of viruses. Severe cases—dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS)—may be linked to both viral and host factors. For the first time, we report a significant correlation between intra-host viral genetic variability and clinical outcome. Severe cases were characterized by more homogeneous viral populations with lower intra-host genetic variability

Dynamique moléculaire et épidémique du virus de la dengue dans différents écosystèmes

Les facteurs déterminant l’épidémiologie et la sévérité de la Dengue restent mal connus. La compréhension de la dynamique des épidémies est indispensable au management de la lutte anti-vectorielle et des futures stratégies vaccinales. Dans un premier travail, la caractérisation moléculaire de 181 souches de Dengue-1 a permis de déterminer l’origine des épidémies en Polynésie Française (2001, 2006) et d’identifier un phénomène de ré-émergence. La fixation d’une mutation (E-S222T) en période endémique pourrait refléter une adaptation du virus au moustique. A l’échelle intra-hôte, la diversité des populations virales était significativement inférieure en cas de forme sévère suggérant une relation entre diversité génétique virale et clinique.Dans un second travail, cette relation a été confirmée (Bolivie, épidémie de Dengue-1, 2009) et l’importance de la composition des populations virales dans le sang capillaire a été soulignée. Dans un troisième travail, nous avons étudié l’influence du climat sur les épidémies de Dengue (Nouvelle Calédonie, 1971-2010) et développé un modèle prédictif de risque épidémique utilisable par les autorités de santé.The determinant factors of Dengue epidemiology and severity remain unclear. Understanding the epidemic dynamics is crucial to manage vector control and vaccine strategies in the future. In a first work, the molecular characterization of 181 Dengue-1 strains allowed to determine the origin of Dengue outbreaks in French Polynesia (2001, 2006) and to identify a phenomenom of re-emergence. A mutation (E-S222T) has been fixed during the endemic period that may reflect viral adaptation to the mosquito. At the intra-host scale, the genetic variability was significantly lower in patients experiencing severe forms. This suggests a relationship between the diversity of viral populations within hosts and the clinical presentation of the disease.In a second work, this connection has been confirmed (Bolivia, 2009 Dengue-1 outbreak) and the importance of the composition of viral populations in the capillary blood has been underlined.In a third work, the influence of climate on Dengue epidemics has been studied (New Caledonia, 1971-2010) and a predictive model of epidemic risk usable by the health authorities has been developed

Long-term impact of treated congenital toxoplasmosis on quality of life and visual performance

Background: Long-term evolution of congenital toxoplasmosis is not documented. We assessed the outcome of treated congenital toxoplasmosis in a cohort of adult individuals who had undergone ante- and postnatal treatment to provide information for pediatricians and parents on the evolution of the disease. Methods: We conducted a questionnaire study on 126 adults with congenital toxoplasmosis (mean age: 22.2 years; age range: 18–31 years) monitored regularly until the time of inclusion. The main outcome measures were quality of life (Psychological General Well-Being Index) and visual function (VF14 questionnaire), and the outcomes were correlated with disease-specific factors. Results: Of the 102 patients (80.9%) who were finally included in the study, 12 (11.8%) presented neurologic effects and 60 (58.8%) manifested ocular lesions; in the latter category, 13 individuals (12.7%) had reduced visual function. The overall global quality-of-life score (74.7 ± 14.2) was close to the expected normal range for the general population (73.7 ± 15.3). Overall, visual function was only slightly impaired (M = 97.3; 95% confidence interval, 95.8–98.8). Although disease-independent critical life circumstances were associated with a reduced Psychological General Well-Being Index, this index was not influenced by any of the clinical characteristics of congenital toxoplasmosis. Neurologic pathologies, reduced visual acuity, foveal location of the retinal lesion, and squinting contributed to decreased visual function at follow-up. Conclusions: Our data reveal that treated congenital toxoplasmosis has little effect on the quality of life and visual function of the affected individuals. These encouraging findings may help to alleviate the anxiety of affected individuals and their parents

Modeling present and future climate risk of dengue outbreak, a case study in New Caledonia

International audienceBackground: Dengue dynamics result from the complex interactions between the virus, the host and the vector, all being under the influence of the environment. Several studies explored the link between weather and dengue dynamics and some investigated the impact of climate change on these dynamics. Most attempted to predict incidence rate at a country scale or assess the environmental suitability at a global or regional scale. Here, we propose a new approach which consists in modeling the risk of dengue outbreak at a local scale according to climate conditions and study the evolution of this risk taking climate change into account. We apply this approach in New Caledonia, where high quality data are available. Methods: We used a statistical estimation of the effective reproduction number ( R t ) based on case counts to create a categorical target variable : epidemic week/non-epidemic week. A machine learning classifier has been trained using relevant climate indicators in order to estimate the probability for a week to be epidemic under current climate data and this probability was then estimated under climate change scenarios. Results: Weekly probability of dengue outbreak was best predicted with the number of days when maximal temperature exceeded 30.8°C and the mean of daily precipitation over 80 and 60 days prior to the predicted week respectively. According to scenario RCP8.5, climate will allow dengue outbreak every year in New Caledonia if the epidemiological and entomological contexts remain the same. Conclusion: We identified locally relevant climatic factor driving dengue outbreaks in New Caledonia and assessed the inter-annual and seasonal risk of dengue outbreak under different climate change scenarios up to the year 2100. We introduced a new modeling approach to estimate the risk of dengue outbreak depending on climate conditions. This approach is easily reproducible in other countries provided that reliable epidemiological and climate data are available

Dengue in New Caledonia: Knowledge and Gaps

International audienceArboviruses are viruses transmitted to humans by the bite of infected mosquito vectors. Over the last decade, arbovirus circulation has increasingly been detected in New Caledonia (NC), a French island territory located in the subtropical Pacific region. Reliable epidemiological, entomological, virological and climate data have been collected in NC over the last decade. Here, we describe these data and how they inform arboviruses' epidemiological profile. We pinpoint areas which remain to be investigated to fully understand the peculiar epidemiological profile of arbovirus circulation in NC. Further, we discuss the advantages of conducting studies on arboviruses dynamics in NC. Overall, we show that conclusions drawn from observations conducted in NC may inform epidemiological risk assessments elsewhere and may be vital to guide surveillance and response, both in New Caledonia and beyond