Managing family conflict over career decisions: The experience of Asian Americans

Conflict over career decisions is a main source of intergenerational conflict among Asian American families. This qualitative study explored the topic using consensual qualitative research methodology in a sample of eight Asian Americans. Results indicated that participants experienced feelings of guilt and indebtedness due to conflicting values, traditions, and expectations. Most participants dealt with parental disapproval regarding their career choice by seeking advice from friends and relatives. Participants employed many strategies to earn approval such as educating parents about their chosen career, seeking honors, and compromising between personal desires and parental expectations. Implications for career counseling and research are discussed

Estimation of Potential Savings Associated With Switching Medication Formulation

This cross-sectional study describes the price differences between capsule and tablet or ointment and cream forms of prescription drugs for insured patients

Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to Newcastle Disease Virus

180-186Newcastle Disease (ND) is one of the major causes of economic loss in the poultry industry. Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) is a single-stranded, negative-sense enveloped RNA virus (Fam. Paramyxoviridae; Order Mononegavirales<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic">). In the present study three monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were produced by polyethyleneglycol (PEG)-mediated fusion of lymphocytes sensitized to NDV Bareilly strain and myeloma cells. NDV possesses ability to agglutinate erythrocytes of avian species. All the three MAbs designated as 2H7, 3E9 and 3G6 caused hemagglutination inhibition of NDV by specifically binding to NDV. The reactivity for all the 3 MAbs on indirect ELISA was found to be significantly higher than the antibody and antigen controls. On flowcytometry of HeLa cells infected with NDV using the MAbs as primary antibodies, there was a significant difference in the percentage of cells showing positive fluorescence compared to the mock control. One of the MAbs (3E9) was found to react with hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein on western blot.<span style="font-size:9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt" lang="EN-GB"> </span

Development and <i style="">in vitro</i> characterization of a bivalent DNA containing HN and F genes of velogenic Newcastle disease virus

140-145Newcastle disease (ND) is highly contagious, economically important viral disease affecting most of avian species worldwide. Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has single stranded negative sense RNA genome which encodes for six structural and two non-structural proteins. Envelope glycoproteins i.e. hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) and the fusion (F), elicit protective immune response. In this study, HN and F genes of velogenic (virulent) strain were amplified and cloned at multiple cloning sites A and B, respectively into pIRES bicistronic vector for use as bivalent DNA vaccine against ND. The recombinant plasmid was characterized for its orientation by restriction enzyme digestion and PCR. Expression of HN and F genes was assessed in transfected Vero cells at RNA level using RT-PCR in total RNA as well as protein level using IFAT, IPT and western blot using NDV specific antiserum. All these experiments confirmed that HN and F genes cloned in recombinant pIRES.nd.hn.f are functionally active. The recombinant construct is being evaluated as DNA vaccine against N

Phylogenetic and pathogenic analysis of Indian isolates of Newcastle disease virus

425-428In the present study, Indian Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolates UP/3 and UP/4 collected from suspected field samples were characterized to be velogenic by pathogenic and phylogenetic analysis. Phylogenetic analysis based on the nucleotide sequences of the F gene indicated that UP/3 and UP/4 isolates belong to genotype VII and genotype IV, respectively. These isolates possessed the amino acid sequence 112R/K-R-Q-K/R-R-F117 in the F0 cleavage site, which is typical of velogenic NDV pathotype. All the NDV strains analyzed have shown to have non-synonymous to synonymous base substitution rate in the F gene ranging between 0.074-0.197, demonstrating the presence of purifying selection. HN gene of the isolates was found to have an open reading frame encoding 571 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequences of the HN glycoprotein revealed that the cysteine residues essential for intra-molecular disulphide bonds to stabilize the HN molecules, antigenic sites and key residues for receptor binding were all conserved in Indian isolates

<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA" lang="EN-US">In vitro</span></i><span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA" lang="EN-US"> expression studies of non structural 1 protein of Canine Parvo virus 2 by polyclonal antiserum raised against CPV2-NS1 protein expressed in <i>Escherichia coli</i> as an antigen</span>

618-624The canine Parvovirus 2, non-structural 1(NS1) is a novel candidate tumor suppressor gene. To confirm the expression of the NS1 in HeLa cells after transfection there was a need to raise antiserum against CPV2- NS1. Therefore, this study was carried out to express and purify the recombinant NS1(rNS1), and characterize the polyclonal serum. CPV2-NS1, complete coding sequence (CDS) was amplified, cloned in pET32a+ and expressed in BL21 (DE3) (pLysS). SDS–PAGE analysis revealed that the expression of the recombinant protein was maximum when induced with 1.5 mM IPTG. The 6 × His tagged fusion protein was purified on Ni-NTA resin under denaturing conditions and confirmed by western blot using CPV2 specific antiserum. The rabbits were immunized with the purified rNS1 to raise anti-NS1 polyclonal antiserum. The polyclonal serum was tested for specificity and used for confirming the expression of NS1 in HeLa transfected with pcDNA.cpv2.ns1 by indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT), flow cytometry and western blot. The polyclonal antiserum against NS1 could be very useful to establish functional in vitro assays to explore role of NS1 in cancer therapeutics

<i><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language: HI" lang="EN-GB">In vitro</span></i><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language: HI" lang="EN-GB"> cloning of canine parvovirus NS1 gene and reporter gene GFP in eukaryotic expression vector pVIVO2-mcs and characterization of the double gene construct in mammalian cells</span>

41-46The use of chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy for treatment of cancer is limited due to genotoxic side effects on healthy cells, involvement of anti-apoptotic signal transduction pathways that prevent cell death, and requirement of functional p53 for induction of apoptosis in cancerous cells. Efforts are beings made worldwide to develop new anticancer therapies as an alternative to chemotherapy. And viral gene therapy is one of the most potent therapeutics that is being ventured worldwide. Canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2) is one of those viruses that have an inherent oncolytic property. The non-structural protein-1 (NS1 protein) of CPV-2 plays a major role in parvoviral cytotoxicity and pathogenicity in permissive cells. The oncolytic potential of CPV2-NS1 has been established in vitro. Prior to taking up the in vivo studies, the present study was undertaken to clone Canine Parvovirus NS1 gene and reporter gene GFP in eukaryotic expression vector pVIVO2-mcs, and to characterize the double construct in mammalian cells. The genes were successfully cloned in pVIVO2-mcs and characterized for their expression as demonstrated by fluorescence microscopy and immunofluorescence staining. This characterized double gene construct will further be used to evaluate the oncolytic potential of CPV-2 NS1 in experimentally induced in vivo tumour model

Development of dog mammary tumor xenograft in immunosuppressed Swiss albino mice

935-942Development and study of dog mammary tumour xenograft in immunosuppressed Swiss Albino Mice adds a new dimension in cancer research as dog tumors have many similarities with human tumors regarding progression, histopathology, molecular mechanism, immune response and therapy. Failure of the immune system to recognize and eliminate cancer cells leads to cancer progression and the fight between immune cells and cancer cells has a great role in understanding the mechanism of cancer progression and elimination. Rejection and acceptance of tumour xenograft depends on efficiency of CD4+, CD8+ and NK cell populations. In the present investigation, dog mammary tumor xenograft in cyclosporine-A and γ-irradiated, immunosuppressed Swiss Albino mice was developed and the immune cell status of graft accepted and rejected mice was assessed. It was observed that all the major immune cells (CD4+, CD8+ and NK cells) play an equal role in tumour rejection