Prépositions, adverbes et conjonctions en anglais : reconstruire les (frontières des) catégories

International audienc

La distinction compléments–adjoints en anglais : motivation et critères

International audienceIn English, it is useful to make a distinction between two kinds of verb dependents, since their classification determines the global interpretation of an utterance. It is possible to differentiate complements from modifiers or adjuncts according to their proximity to the verb. Although some authors reject the need for a general definition of these terms, many syntacticians have tried to identify criteria, tendencies and syntactic tests to distinguish between the two kinds of dependents. In this article, I review these criteria and retain those that yield a clear and relevant outcome. My conclusions lead me to advocate for a multi-dimensional approach of complementation, in which complements and adjuncts are two poles of a continuum along which verb dependents stand. This explains how difficult it is to determine the status of some dependents.En anglais, il est utile de distinguer deux types de dépendants du verbe, puisque leur classification a des conséquences sur l'interprétation globale d'un énoncé. Selon le degré de proximité avec le verbe, on distingue les compléments d'un côté et les modifieurs ou adjoints de l'autre (qui correspondent à l'étiquette traditionnelle de compléments circonstanciels). Si certains auteurs rejettent la nécessité d'une définition globale de ces termes, beaucoup de syntacticiens ont tenté de dégager des critères, tests syntaxiques et tendances pour distinguer ces deux types de dépendants. Je passe en revue ces différents critères afin de conserver ceux qui donnent un résultat pertinent et clair. Les résultats obtenus m'amènent à plaider pour une approche multidimensionnelle de la complémentation, selon laquelle complément et adjoint sont deux pôles d'un continuum le long duquel se placent les dépendants des verbes, ce qui explique la difficulté de classification de certains dépendants

Contemporary Human Resource Management Strategies and their Relation to Improving the Performance of Economic Institutions: A Case Study of SAIDAL Group

هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى التعرف على علاقة الاستراتيجيات المعاصرة لإدارة الموارد البشرية في تحسين أداء المؤسسات الاقتصادية الجزائرية من خلال دراسة حالة مجمع صيدال لصناعة الأدوية، حيث ركزنا على أهم الاستراتيجيات التي قامت بها إدارة الموارد البشرية اتجاه مواردها من أجل تحسين الأداء الكلي لمجمع صيدال، كما قمنا بتحليل أهم البيانات التي تحصلنا عليها من مديرية الموارد البشرية لمجمع صيدال والمتعلقة بالموارد البشرية، كما اعتمدنا في دراستنا هذه على المنهج المسحي في الجانب النظري ومنهج دراسة الحالة في الجانب التطبيقي. وتوصلت الدراسة على أنه يوجد أثر للإستراتيجيات المعاصرة لإدارة الموارد البشرية في تحسين أداء مجمع صيدال لصناعة الأدوية وقدمت الدراسة توصية شاملة على ضرورة التركيز على الموارد البشرية التي تتميز، والتركيز أكثر على رفع أداء الوحدات التنظيمية مع الاهتمام بتحليل بيئة الأعمال لأن لها تأثير مباشر على الأداء الكلي للمجمع. تصنيف جال : M5، M21  This study aimed to identify the relationship between contemporary strategies for human resources management to improving the performance of Algerian economic institutions through a case study of the SAIDAL. We focused on the essential strategies carried out by human resources management towards its resources to improve the overall performance of SAIDAL. We also analyzed the most important data we obtained from the Human Resources department of SAIDAL. The study concluded that contemporary strategies for human resources management have an impact on improving the performance of SAIDAL. The study made a comprehensive recommendation on the need to focus on distinguished human resources and to focus more on raising the performance of organizational units with interest in analyzing the business environment because it has a direct impact on the overall performance of SAIDAL

The Transition between Telomerase and ALT Mechanisms in Hodgkin Lymphoma and Its Predictive Value in Clinical Outcomes

International audienceBackground: We analyzed telomere maintenance mechanisms (TMMs) in lymph node samples from HL patients treated with standard therapy. The TMMs correlated with clinical outcomes of patients. Materials and Methods: Lymph node biopsies obtained from 38 HL patients and 24 patients with lymphadenitis were included in this study. Seven HL cell lines were used as in vitro models. Telomerase activity (TA) was assessed by TRAP assay and verified through hTERT immunofluorescence expression; alternative telomere lengthening (ALT) was also assessed, along with EBV status. Results: Both TA and ALT mechanisms were present in HL lymph nodes. Our findings were reproduced in HL cell lines. The highest levels of TA were expressed in CD30−/CD15− cells. Small cells were identified with ALT and TA. Hodgkin and Reed Sternberg cells contained high levels of PML bodies, but had very low hTERT expression. There was a significant correlation between overall survival (p < 10−3), event-free survival (p < 10−4), and freedom from progression (p < 10−3) and the presence of an ALT profile in lymph nodes of EBV+ patients. Conclusion: The presence of both types of TMMs in HL lymph nodes and in HL cell lines has not previously been reported. TMMs correlate with the treatment outcome of EBV+ HL patients

Liver Cancer-Derived Hepatitis C Virus Core Proteins Shift TGF-Beta Responses from Tumor Suppression to Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition

International audienceBACKGROUND: Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and associated liver cirrhosis represent a major risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. TGF-beta is an important driver of liver fibrogenesis and cancer; however, its actual impact in human cancer progression is still poorly known. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of HCC-derived HCV core natural variants on cancer progression through their impact on TGF-beta signaling. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We provide evidence that HCC-derived core protein expression in primary human or mouse hepatocyte alleviates TGF-beta responses in terms or growth inhibition or apoptosis. Instead, in these hepatocytes TGF-beta was still able to induce an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process that contributes to the promotion of cell invasion and metastasis. Moreover, we demonstrate that different thresholds of Smad3 activation dictate the TGF-beta responses in hepatic cells and that HCV core protein, by decreasing Smad3 activation, may switch TGF-beta growth inhibitory effects to tumor promoting responses. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Our data illustrate the capacity of hepatocytes to develop EMT and plasticity under TGF-beta, emphasize the role of HCV core protein in the dynamic of these effects and provide evidence for a paradigm whereby a viral protein implicated in oncogenesis is capable to shift TGF-beta responses from cytostatic effects to EMT development

New insights into HIV-1-primary skin disorders

Since the first reports of AIDS, skin involvement has become a burdensome stigma for seropositive patients and a challenging task for dermatologist and infectious disease specialists due to the severe and recalcitrant nature of the conditions. Dermatologic manifestations in AIDS patients act as markers of disease progression, a fact that enhances the importance of understanding their pathogenesis

Verbes labiles et schémas de complémentation en anglais

Within a constructionist framework, this thesis studies English labile verbs, which can enter into various syntactic configurations without changing form. A study of their complementation shows that categorizing them into semantic families is relevant but not sufficient to explain their behavior. The thesis defends a syncretic approach to verb complementation to that accounts for its important productivity and its sometimes arbitrary limits. It is shown that all verbs have a default syntactic configuration, which is not meaningful and which simply allows the verb to express its arguments in an unmarked way, in accordance with certain principles of conceptual coherence. Conversely, when the complementation of the verb has an identifiable semantic contribution, the existence of fully meaningful patterns of complementation is posited. These are defined as sets of complements, whose meaning is distinct from that of the verb with which they are associated and is found regularly with verbs of diverse categories. It is shown that patterns of complementation should be considered fully-fledged English linguistic units. This implies that synchronically, these patterns are mentally stored by speakers rather than the result of a process of analogy with existing constructions. Their status as linguistic units makes it possible to study their meaning in the same way as more classical lexical units. Although most of them are polysemic, some patterns of complementation exhibit uses that are difficult to link semantically and must therefore be viewed as homonyms.Dans le cadre des approches constructionistes, cette thèse étudie les verbes labiles de l’anglais, qui peuvent manifester des configurations syntaxiques variées sans changer de forme. L’étude de la complémentation de ces verbes montre que leur catégorisation en familles sémantiques est pertinente mais pas suffisante pour expliquer leur comportement. La thèse défend une approche syncrétique de la complémentation du verbe qui rend compte de son importante productivité et de ses limites parfois arbitraires. Une analyse montre que les verbes ont tous une configuration syntaxique par défaut, qui n’est pas signifiante et qui permet simplement au verbe d’exprimer ses arguments de façon non marquée, en accord avec certains principes de cohérence conceptuelle. À l’inverse, lorsque la complémentation du verbe a un apport sémantique identifiable, l’existence de schémas de complémentation pleinement signifiants est postulée. Il s’agit d’ensembles de compléments dont le sens est distinct de celui du verbe auquel ils sont associés et se retrouve de façon régulière avec des verbes de catégories diverses. Il est démontré que les schémas de complémentation doivent être considérés comme des unités linguistiques de plein droit de l’anglais. Cela implique qu’en synchronie, ces schémas sont emmagasinés par les locuteurs plutôt que le résultat d’un processus d’analogie avec des constructions existantes. Leur statut d’unité linguistique permet d’étudier leur sémantisme de la même façon que des unités lexicales plus classiques. S’ils sont en majorité polysémiques, certains schémas ont des emplois difficiles à relier sémantiquement et doivent donc être considérés comme des homonymes

Prépositions, adverbes et conjonctions en anglais : reconstruire les (frontières des) catégories

International audienc

Gradience transitive et transitivisation en anglais

National audienc