Actualización sobre endometriosis

Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory disease, which is considered to have a benign course and is dependent on estrogens. It is characterized by the presence of ectopic endometrial tissue (located outside the uterine cavity). The main theories on the genesis of this pathology include:  retrograde menstruation, lymphatic or vascular spread, coelomic metaplasia, and induction theory. The most frequent lesions are in the pelvic area, such as: the ovaries, uterosacral ligaments, and Douglas sac, yet they can be found outside the latter. The disease generates varied clinical manifestations that involve dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, chronic pelvic pain, and infertility. To procure a definitive diagnosis, this must be performed surgically. Medical treatment is only symptomatic and not curative; while the surgical approach, despite being curative, presents variable rates of recurrence.La endometriosis es una enfermedad inflamatoria crónica, de curso benigno y dependiente de estrógenos, la cual se caracteriza por la presencia de tejido endometrial ectópico, es decir, fuera de la cavidad uterina. Las principales teorías sobre la génesis de dicha patología, comprenden: menstruación retrógrada, diseminación linfática o vascular, metaplasia celómica y teoría de la inducción. Las lesiones con mayor frecuencia se ubican en la pelvis: en ovarios, ligamentos uterosacros y saco de Douglas; sin embargo, pueden encontrarse fuera de esta. La enfermedad genera manifestaciones clínicas variadas que involucra dismenorrea, dispareunia, dolor pélvico crónico e infertilidad. Su diagnóstico definitivo es quirúrgico. El tratamiento médico es solo sintomático y no curativo, mientras que el abordaje quirúrgico pese a ser curativo, presenta variables tasas de recurrencia

Overweight and obesity in children

La obesidad se define como un exceso de grasa y para su diagnóstico en los niños se utiliza como medida estándar el índice de masa corporal, la relación peso / longitud y ciertos laboratorios específicos, esto varía según la edad y el género. Cada vez es más prevalente ver esta enfermedad en los niños y adolescentes conforme van pasando los años y sus causas se encuentran divididas según grupo de edad, tipo de alimentación, patologías especificas causantes, así como diferentes medicamentos. La evaluación clínica, como en cualquier otra patología, está primordialmente definida por una historia clínica que involucre desde antecedentes personales patológicos hasta antecedentes familiares de importancia y un examen físico completo por sistemas, con el fin de identificar a tiempo esta enfermedad, la cual se ha visto de manera trascendental como afecta en la etapa adulta de estos niños con comorbilidades de diferentes etiologías. El tratamiento pediátrico va dirigido a utilizar como última instancia los fármacos, los mismos serán utilizados hasta agotar otras medidas igualmente importantes y con menos efectos secundarios, así como la implementación de dietas nutricionales ajustadas a cada necesidad , actividad física según la preferencia del paciente con el fin de que se vea atraído por el ejercicio como tal, y no menos importante la terapia de grupo en compañía de psicólogos, pues se ha visto como esta enfermedad es causa de acoso psicológico y físico por parte de otros niños pudiendo causar incluso de trastornos depresivos.Obesity is defined as an excess of fat and for its diagnosis in children the body mass index, the weight / length ratio and certain specific laboratories are used as a standard measure, this varies according to age and gender. It is increasingly prevalent to see this disease in children and adolescents as the years go by and its causes are divided according to age group, type of diet, specific pathologies as well like different medications. The clinical evaluation, as in any other pathology, is primarily defined by a clinical history that includes from a pathological personal history to an important family history and a complete physical examination by systems, in order to identify this disease in time, which has been seen in a transcendental way as it affects in the adult stage of these children with comorbidities of different etiologies. Pediatric treatment is aimed at using drugs as the last resort, they will be used until other equally important measures are exhausted, as well as the implementation of nutritional diets adjusted to each need, physical activity according to the patient's preference wiIn order to be attracted to exercise as such, and not least group therapy in the company of psychologists, since it has been seen that this disease is the cause of psychological and physical harassment by other children and can even cause depressive disorders

Comparación de resultados de modelación de sombras empleando Qgis y ShadeMotion en un potrero arbolado

La modelación de sistemas de producción es una herramienta de gran utilidad tanto para la sistematización de los conocimientos existentes acerca de los mismos, así como para fundamentar la toma de decisiones con respecto a situaciones de incertidumbre y variabilidad espacial. Tales situaciones, pueden presentarse por la cantidad de variables de orden traumático, social, económico, político y ecológico, que inciden sobre las dinámicas y los resultados generados por dichos sistemas de producción. Este documento presenta una evaluación preliminar y somera de los resultados obtenidos al desarrollar la simulación de sombras de un potrero con árboles dispersos en un predio rural del municipio de Piedras, departamento del Tolima. Las salidas gráficas obtenidas se comparan de manera visual con los resultados obtenidos empleando el software especializado ShadeMotion 3.0. Los resultados alcanzados generan optimismo frente al potencial uso de sistemas de información geográfico y en particular del software Qgis para estos fines

Allogeneic Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Ameliorate Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Regulating Self-Reactive T Cell Responses and Dendritic Cell Function

Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have emerged as a promising therapy for autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Administration of MSCs to MS patients has proven safe with signs of immunomodulation but their therapeutic efficacy remains low. The aim of the current study has been to further characterize the immunomodulatory mechanisms of adipose tissue-derived MSCs (ASCs) in vitro and in vivo using the EAE model of chronic brain inflammation in mice. We found that murine ASCs (mASCs) suppress T cell proliferation in vitro via inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase- (COX-) 1/2 activities. mASCs also prevented the lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) in vitro. The addition of the COX-1/2 inhibitor indomethacin, but not the iNOS inhibitor L-NAME, reversed the block in DC maturation implicating prostaglandin (PG) E2 in this process. In vivo, early administration of murine and human ASCs (hASCs) ameliorated myelin oligodendrocyte protein- (MOG35-55-) induced EAE in C57Bl/6 mice. Mechanistic studies showed that mASCs suppressed the function of autoantigen-specific T cells and also decreased the frequency of activated (CD11c+ and CD11c+TNF-α+) DCs in draining lymph nodes (DLNs). In summary, these data suggest that mASCs reduce EAE severity, in part, through the impairment of DC and T cell function.This work has been financed by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain (http://www.isciii.es) and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER, http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/es/funding/erdf/) from the European Union, through the Research Grants PI15/00794, CP09/00228, and CPII15/00032 (Per Anderson); PI12/01097, PI15/02015, and ISCIII Red de Terapia Celular (RD12/0019/0006, http://www.red-tercel.com/) (Francisco Martin); and PS09-00928 (Mario Delgado). Mario Delgado was supported by a grant (PSE-010000-2009-3) from the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Spain (http://www.idi.mineco.gob.es/), and P09-CTS-4723 from the Junta de Andalucia (Proyecto de Excelencia). Francisco Martin is funded by the Fundación Progreso y Salud (Consejería de Salud, Junta de Andalucía, http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/fundacionprogresoysalud/)

Validation of a Computational Fluid Dynamics Model for a Novel Residence Time Distribution Analysis in Mixing at Cross-Junctions

[EN] In Water Distribution Networks, the chlorine control is feasible with the use of water quality simulation codes. EPANET is a broad domain software and several commercial computer software packages base their models on its methodology. However, EPANET assumes that the solute mixing at cross-junctions is ¿complete and instantaneous¿. Several authors have questioned this model. In this paper, experimental tests are developed while using Copper Sulphate as tracer at different operating conditions, like those of real water distribution networks, in order to obtain the Residence Time Distribution and its behavior in the mixing as a novel analysis for the cross-junctions. Validation tests are developed in Computational Fluid Dynamics, following the k-# turbulence model. It is verified that the mixing phenomenon is dominated by convection, analyzing variation of Turbulent Schmidt Number vs. experimental tests. Having more accurate mixing models will improve the water quality simulations to have an appropriate control for chlorine and possible contaminants in water distribution networks.To CONACYT for the Master and Ph.D. scholarships (417824 and 703220) to D.H.-C. and the Ph.D. scholarship (294038) to M.R.; To Universidad de Guanajuato for the financial support of the project No. 100/2018 of J.L.N.; To Engineering Division, Campus Guanajuato and Geomatics and Hydraulics Engineering Department for the financial support of this project; and finally, to SEP-PRODEP and UG for the financial support to publish this paper.Hernandez Cervantes, D.; Delgado Galván, XV.; Nava, JL.; López Jiménez, PA.; Rosales, M.; Mora Rodríguez, JDJ. (2018). Validation of a Computational Fluid Dynamics Model for a Novel Residence Time Distribution Analysis in Mixing at Cross-Junctions. Water. 10(6):1-18. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10060733S118106Mercier Shanks, C., Sérodes, J.-B., & Rodriguez, M. J. (2013). Spatio-temporal variability of non-regulated disinfection by-products within a drinking water distribution network. Water Research, 47(9), 3231-3243. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2013.03.033Vasconcelos, J. J., Rossman, L. A., Grayman, W. M., Boulos, P. F., & Clark, R. M. (1997). Kinetics of chlorine decay. Journal - American Water Works Association, 89(7), 54-65. doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1997.tb08259.xOzdemir, O. N., & Ucak, A. (2002). Simulation of Chlorine Decay in Drinking-Water Distribution Systems. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 128(1), 31-39. doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(2002)128:1(31)Knobelsdorf Miranda, J., & Mujeriego Sahuquillo, R. (1997). Crecimiento bacteriano en las redes de distribución de agua potable: una revisión bibliográfica. Ingeniería del agua, 4(2). doi:10.4995/ia.1997.2719Wang, W., Ye, B., Yang, L., Li, Y., & Wang, Y. (2007). Risk assessment on disinfection by-products of drinking water of different water sources and disinfection processes. Environment International, 33(2), 219-225. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2006.09.009Parks, S. L. I., & VanBriesen, J. M. (2009). Booster Disinfection for Response to Contamination in a Drinking Water Distribution System. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 135(6), 502-511. doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(2009)135:6(502)Hernández Cervantes, D., Mora Rodríguez, J., Delgado Galván, X., Ortiz Medel, J., & Jiménez Magaña, M. R. (2015). Optimal use of chlorine in water distribution networks based on specific locations of booster chlorination: analyzing conditions in Mexico. Water Supply, 16(2), 493-505. doi:10.2166/ws.2015.161Weickgenannt, M., Kapelan, Z., Blokker, M., & Savic, D. A. (2010). Risk-Based Sensor Placement for Contaminant Detection in Water Distribution Systems. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 136(6), 629-636. doi:10.1061/(asce)wr.1943-5452.0000073Rathi, S., & Gupta, R. (2013). Monitoring stations in water distribution systems to detect contamination events. ISH Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 20(2), 142-150. doi:10.1080/09715010.2013.857470Seth, A., Klise, K. A., Siirola, J. D., Haxton, T., & Laird, C. D. (2016). Testing Contamination Source Identification Methods for Water Distribution Networks. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 142(4), 04016001. doi:10.1061/(asce)wr.1943-5452.0000619Xuesong, Y., Jie, S., & Chengyu, H. (2017). Research on contaminant sources identification of uncertainty water demand using genetic algorithm. Cluster Computing, 20(2), 1007-1016. doi:10.1007/s10586-017-0787-6Rathi, S., & Gupta, R. (2015). Optimal sensor locations for contamination detection in pressure-deficient water distribution networks using genetic algorithm. Urban Water Journal, 14(2), 160-172. doi:10.1080/1573062x.2015.1080736Sandoval, M. A., Fuentes, R., Walsh, F. C., Nava, J. L., & de León, C. P. (2016). Computational fluid dynamics simulations of single-phase flow in a filter-press flow reactor having a stack of three cells. Electrochimica Acta, 216, 490-498. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2016.09.045Castañeda, L. (2017). Computational Fluid Dynamic Simulations of Single-Phase Flow in a Spacer-Filled Channel of a Filter-Press Electrolyzer. International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 7351-7364. doi:10.20964/2017.08.09Song, I., Romero-Gomez, P., & Choi, C. Y. (2009). Experimental Verification of Incomplete Solute Mixing in a Pressurized Pipe Network with Multiple Cross Junctions. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 135(11), 1005-1011. doi:10.1061/(asce)hy.1943-7900.0000095Romero-Gomez, P., Lansey, K. E., & Choi, C. Y. (2010). Impact of an incomplete solute mixing model on sensor network design. Journal of Hydroinformatics, 13(4), 642-651. doi:10.2166/hydro.2010.123Yu, T. C., Shao, Y., & Shen, C. (2014). Mixing at Cross Joints with Different Pipe Sizes in Water Distribution Systems. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 140(5), 658-665. doi:10.1061/(asce)wr.1943-5452.0000372Shao, Y., Jeffrey Yang, Y., Jiang, L., Yu, T., & Shen, C. (2014). Experimental testing and modeling analysis of solute mixing at water distribution pipe junctions. Water Research, 56, 133-147. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2014.02.053Mompremier, R., Pelletier, G., Fuentes Mariles, Ó. A., & Ghebremichael, K. (2015). Impact of incomplete mixing in the prediction of chlorine residuals in municipal water distribution systems. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology - Aqua, 64(8), 904-914. doi:10.2166/aqua.2015.148McKenna, S. A., O’Hern, T., & Hartenberger, J. (2009). Detailed Investigation of Solute Mixing in Pipe Joints through High Speed Photography. Water Distribution Systems Analysis 2008. doi:10.1061/41024(340)88Ho, C. K., & O’Rear, L. (2009). Evaluation of solute mixing in water distribution pipe junctions. Journal - American Water Works Association, 101(9), 116-127. doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.2009.tb09964.xChoi, C. Y., Shen, J. Y., & Austin, R. G. (2009). Development of a Comprehensive Solute Mixing Model (AZRED) for Double-Tee, Cross, and Wye Junctions. Water Distribution Systems Analysis 2008. doi:10.1061/41024(340)89Rosales, M., Pérez, T., & Nava, J. L. (2016). Computational fluid dynamic simulations of turbulent flow in a rotating cylinder electrode reactor in continuous mode of operation. Electrochimica Acta, 194, 338-345. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2016.02.076Moncho-Esteve, I. J., Palau-Salvador, G., Brevis, W., Vaas, M. O., & López-Jiménez, P. A. (2015). Numerical simulation of the hydrodynamics and turbulent mixing process in a drinking water storage tank. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 53(2), 207-217. doi:10.1080/00221686.2014.98945

efecto de la mezcla ensilada de penisetum purpureum y tithonia diversifolia sobre la fermentacion ruminal in vitro y su emision de metano en el sistema rusitec

Los ganaderos del trópico tradicionalmente han usado dietas con base en gramineas con limitaciones nutricionales. Tal deficiencia, exigen el suplemento con especies leñosas de alta calidad proteica. Se evaluó el patrón de fermentación ruminal y la liberación de metano en un sistema de Simulación del Rumen (RUSITEC) utilizando como ensilaje control Pennisetum prurpureum al 100% (T1) versus ensilaje de una mezcla (67% Pennisetum prurpureum / 33% Tithonia diversifolia ) enriquecido, o no, con aditivos: (T2) sin aditivo; (T3) Lactobacillus paracasei T735; (T4) inóculo comercial SIL-ALL®4x4. Se hizo un suministro diario de MS para mantener constante el flujo en el sistema y evaluar los cuatro tratamientos, durante un periodo de ocho días. Los datos se analizaron mediante un diseño completamente al azar. No hubo efecto de los tratamientos (T2, T3 y T4) versus control (T1) en la concentración de NH4-N (p 0.05). La disminución en la emisión de CH4 por gramo de MS en ensilajes (PP/TD), posiblemente se explica por una menor degradación de la fibra y sugiere que habrá menos emisiones de CH4 por unidad de proteína comestible producida. Sin embargo, la cantidad total de metano que se libera no fue diferente estadísticamente

Sistema de control domótico de bajo costo: un respaldo a la generación ecológica de energía eléctrica en Colombia

Context/Objective: In Colombia, consumption of residential electricity accounts for about 40% of the national demand; therefore, alternatives to reduce this consumption are needed. The goal of this study was to develop a home automation prototype to control the illumination of a household and to foster the efficient use of energy.Method: The system consists of independent control modules and an information manager module; the control module regulates the luminaires using a microcontroller and a presence sensor, and exchanges data by means of a radio frequency transceiver; the manager module allows the access to the control modules from a Web interface. The prototype was implemented in a household located in the city of San José de Cúcuta, Colombia, during a 60 days period.Results: The operation of the system diminished the total electricity consumption by 3,75 %, with a z-score of -1,93 that was obtained from the statistical analysis.Conclusions: We concluded that the prototype is inexpensive in comparison to similar technologies available in the national and international markets, and it reduces the waste of electrical energy due to the consumption habits of the residents in the case study.Contexto/objetivo: En Colombia, el consumo de energía eléctrica residencial representa aproximadamente el 40 % de la demanda nacional, por lo tanto es relevante incursionar en alternativas que reduzcan este consumo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue elaborar un prototipo domótico de control de luminarias de una vivienda para el uso eficiente de la energía.Método: El sistema consta de módulos de control autónomos y un módulo gestor de información; el módulo de control regula las luminarias usando un microcontrolador y un sensor de presencia, e intercambia datos a través de un transceptor de radio frecuencia; el módulo gestor permite el acceso a los módulos de control mediante una interfaz Web. El prototipo fue implementado en una vivienda en la ciudad de San José de Cúcuta, Colombia, por un periodo de sesenta días.Resultados: La aplicación del sistema disminuyó el consumo total de la vivienda en un 3,75 %, con una unidad tipificada de -1,93 obtenida del análisis estadístico.Conclusiones: Se concluye que el prototipo es de bajo costo en comparación con tecnologías similares disponibles en los mercados nacional e internacional, y que reduce el desperdicio de energía eléctrica producto de los hábitos de consumo de los residentes de la vivienda del caso de estudio.Financiamiento: Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander

Gut-Brain Axis: Role of Microbiota in Parkinson’s Disease and Multiple Sclerosis

It has recently been discovered that the digestive tract is lined with about 100 million nerve cells; the digestive tract has been baptized, metaphorically speaking, as “the second brain,” which contains a multitude of neurotransmitters, viruses, and bacteria that help regulate our emotional state. This second brain, known as the enteric nervous system, is a unique anatomical unit that extends from the esophagus to the anus. Like the nervous system, it produces a whole series of psychoactive substances, such as serotonin, dopamine, and opioids for pain, and synthesizes benzodiazepines. In it, we find the microbiota: a set of microorganisms (viruses and bacteria). Together with the brain, the microbiota directly influences mood, character, or sleep. Knowledge about the possible relationship of the microbiota with frequent neurological diseases is still just beginning. Recently, possible changes in the microbiota have been linked to the onset of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Also, today, we know that there are differences between the microbiota of healthy people and people with multiple sclerosis and that these differences have also been related to the disease and its evolution

Disease-specific phenotypes in dopamine neurons from human iPS-based models of genetic and sporadic Parkinson's disease

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) offer an unprecedented opportunity to model human disease in relevant cell types, but it is unclear whether they could successfully model age-related diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Here, we generated iPSC lines from seven patients with idiopathic PD (ID-PD), four patients with familial PD associated to the G2019S mutation in the Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene (LRRK2-PD) and four age- and sex-matched healthy individuals (Ctrl). Over long-time culture, dopaminergic neurons (DAn) differentiated from either ID-PD- or LRRK2-PD-iPSC showed morphological alterations, including reduced numbers of neurites and neurite arborization, as well as accumulation of autophagic vacuoles, which were not evident in DAn differentiated from Ctrl-iPSC. Further induction of autophagy and/or inhibition of lysosomal proteolysis greatly exacerbated the DAn morphological alterations, indicating autophagic compromise in DAn from ID-PD- and LRRK2-PD-iPSC, which we demonstrate occurs at the level of autophagosome clearance. Our study provides an iPSC-based in vitro model that captures the patients' genetic complexity and allows investigation of the pathogenesis of both sporadic and familial PD cases in a disease-relevant cell type

Factors affecting survival in Mediterranean populations of the Eurasian eagle owl

The survival rate is a key parameter for population management and the monitoring of populations. Thus, an analysis of survival rate variations and the factors influencing the same is essential for understanding population dynamics. Here, we study the factors determining the survival and the causes of mortality of the Eurasian eagle owl (Bubo bubo) in two Spanish Mediterranean populations (Murcia and Seville) where the species has a high population density and breeding success; yet its survival rates and the factors that affect them are unknown. Between 2003 and 2010, 63 breeding owls were captured and radio-tracked. Three monthly (quarterly) survival rates were estimated using known-fate models in the program MARK. The mean overall annual survival rate was 0.776 (95 % CI: 0.677, 0.875). We observed survival differences between sexes, and between the breeding and non-breeding periods, although no overwhelming support was found for any particular model. We concluded that (i) females have a lower survival rate than males, probably due to their larger home ranges, which increase the risk of mortality; (ii) the survival rates of both sexes were lower during the non-breeding period; and (iii) the causes of mortality differed significantly between the two populations, gunshot being the main cause in Seville and electrocution in Murcia.Peer Reviewe