Spéciation, gradients environnementaux et zones hybrides : le cas du Zostérops des Mascareignes

Les îles fournissent de bonnes opportunités pour étudier l'émergence de la biodiversité de part leur contexte spatial facilement appréhendable. Nous avons étudié une espèce de passereau endémique de l'île de la Réunion : le Zostérops des Mascareignes, Zosterops borbonicus. Cette espèce présente une extraordinaire variabilité de la couleur de son plumage à une échelle spatiale rarement documentée chez les oiseaux. L'analyse des patrons de variations génétiques et phénotypiques le long de gradients altitudinaux et au travers des zones hybrides séparant les différentes formes de couleur de l'espèce a permis de mettre en évidence le rôle de différents facteurs (sélectifs, historiques et neutres) dans l'émergence et le maintien de cette diversité.Due to their well defined spatial context, islands are perfect places to study the emergence of biodiversity. Here, we studied a endemic passerine from the island of Réunion: the Mascarene White-eye. This species shows an extraordinary pattern of plumage colour variation at a spatial scale which have rarely been documented in birds. The joint analysis of genetic and phenotypic pattern of variation along environmental gradients and across hybrid zones separating the colour forms allowed us to show the role of various factors (selective, historical and neutral) in the emergence and maintenance of this diversity

Environmental effects on the genetic architecture of fitness components in a simultaneous hermaphrodite

Understanding how environmental change affects genetic variances and covariances of reproductive traits is key to formulate firm predictions on evolutionary responses. This is particularly true for sex-specific variance in reproductive success, which has been argued to affect how populations can adapt to environmental change. Our current knowledge on the impact of environmental stress on sex-specific genetic architecture of fitness components is still limited and restricted to separate-sexed organisms. However, hermaphroditism is widespread across animals and may entail interesting peculiarities with respect to genetic constraints imposed on the evolution of male and female reproduction. We explored how food restriction affects the genetic variance-covariance (G) matrix of body size and reproductive success of the simultaneously hermaphroditic freshwater snail Physa acuta. Our results provide strong evidence that the imposed environmental stress elevated the opportunity for selection in both sex functions. However, the G matrix remained largely stable across the tested food treatments. Importantly, our results provide no support for cross-sex genetic correlations suggesting no strong evolutionary coupling of male and female reproductive traits. We discuss potential implications for the adaptation to changing environments and highlight the need for more quantitative genetic studies on male and female fitness components in simultaneous hermaphrodites.Fil: Janicke, Tim. Technische Universität Dresden; Alemania. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; FranciaFil: Chapuis, Elodie. Université de Montpellier; FranciaFil: Meconcelli, Stefania. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia. Università di Torino; ItaliaFil: Bonel, Nicolás. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida; ArgentinaFil: Delahaie, Boris. University of Cambridge; Estados UnidosFil: David, Patrice. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Franci

Speciation, environmental gradients and hybrid zones : the case of the Mascarene white-eye

Les îles fournissent de bonnes opportunités pour étudier l'émergence de la biodiversité de part leur contexte spatial facilement appréhendable. Nous avons étudié une espèce de passereau endémique de l'île de la Réunion : le Zostérops des Mascareignes, Zosterops borbonicus. Cette espèce présente une extraordinaire variabilité de la couleur de son plumage à une échelle spatiale rarement documentée chez les oiseaux. L'analyse des patrons de variations génétiques et phénotypiques le long de gradients altitudinaux et au travers des zones hybrides séparant les différentes formes de couleur de l'espèce a permis de mettre en évidence le rôle de différents facteurs (sélectifs, historiques et neutres) dans l'émergence et le maintien de cette diversité.Due to their well defined spatial context, islands are perfect places to study the emergence of biodiversity. Here, we studied a endemic passerine from the island of Réunion: the Mascarene White-eye. This species shows an extraordinary pattern of plumage colour variation at a spatial scale which have rarely been documented in birds. The joint analysis of genetic and phenotypic pattern of variation along environmental gradients and across hybrid zones separating the colour forms allowed us to show the role of various factors (selective, historical and neutral) in the emergence and maintenance of this diversity

Data from: Heritability estimates from genome wide relatedness matrices in wild populations: application to a passerine, using a small sample size

Genomic developments have empowered the investigation of heritability in wild populations directly from genome wide relatedness matrices (GRM). Such GRM based approaches can in particular be used to improve or substitute approaches based on social pedigree (PED-social). However, measuring heritability from GRM in the wild has not been widely applied yet, especially using small samples and in non-model species. Here, we estimated heritability for four quantitative traits (tarsus length, wing length, bill length and body mass), using PED-social and a pedigree corrected by genetic data (PED-corrected) and GRM from a small sample (n = 494) of blue tits from natural populations in Corsica genotyped at nearly 50,000 filtered SNPs derived from RAD-seq. We also measured genetic correlations among traits and we performed chromosome partitioning. Heritability estimates were slightly higher when using GRM compared to PED-social, and PED-corrected yielded intermediate values, suggesting a minor underestimation of heritability in PED-social due to incorrect pedigree links, including extra-pair paternity, and to lower information content than the GRM. Genetic correlations among traits were similar between PED-social and GRM but credible intervals were very large in both cases, suggesting a lack of power for this small dataset. Although a positive linear relationship was found between the number of genes per chromosomes and the chromosome heritability for tarsus length, chromosome partitioning similarly showed a lack of power for the three other traits. We discuss the usefulness and limitations of the quantitative genetic inferences based on genomic data in small samples from wild populations

Phenotypic traits

Phenotypic traits for the genotyped individuals

plink bfiles

Plink files (bed, bim, fam) containing genomic data for the 494 individuals

BLUPS

BLUPS for the four phenotypic traits studied. Each row corresponds to one individual

PED-social

Pairwise relatedness obtained from social pedigree

The phylogenetic history of the<i>Gorteria diffusa</i>radiation sheds light on the origins of plant sexual deception

The morphologically diverse daisy species Gorteria diffusa employs varying levels of sexually deceptive pollination. The species comprises at least fifteen spatially and phenotypically discrete floral morphotypes that are associated with a range of pollination strategies, from generalism to highly specialised sexual deception involving visual mimicry of females of the bee-fly Megapalpus capensis . However, the pattern of evolution of the unique floral traits in this lineage remains unknown because the phylogenetic history of the closely related floral morphotypes has proved unresolvable using traditional approaches. Here we apply genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS), a reduced representation sequencing technology that has significantly increased the tractability of phylogenetic problems involving recent radiations, to the recalcitrant phylogenetic problem of Gorteria across its South African distribution. Population genomic analyses show that individuals group according to morphotype, irrespective of geographic proximity, highlighting the distinctiveness of the morphotypes at the genetic level. We resolve the phylogenetic history of the closely related morphotypes, demonstrating that they are mostly well supported monophyletic entities that are grouped into at least three distinct geographically separated clades. Our results suggest that both incomplete lineage sorting and introgression across geographical clades have previously hindered reconstruction of the phylogeny of this species complex that has diversified rapidly during the Quaternary. Sexual deception is a phylogenetically derived pollination strategy within the complex that evolved at least twice, and was likely achieved by sequential evolution of a set of floral traits that in combination elicit sexual responses from the bee-fly pollinator. While insight into the evolution of sexual deception has been limited by strong phylogenetic conservatism of this strategy in other plant lineages, our results both provide the framework, and confirm the utility of G. diffusa , for further understanding the genetic pathways and selective pressures underlying the complex phenotypes required to exploit insect mating behaviour for pollination