Short-term low-severity spring grassland fire impacts on soil extractable elements and soil ratios in Lithuania.

Spring grassland fires are common in boreal areas as a consequence of slash and burn agriculture used to remove dry grass to increase soil nutrient properties and crop production. However, fewworks have investigated fire impacts on these grassland ecosystems, especially in the immediate period after the fire. The objective of this work was to study the short-termimpacts of a spring grassland fire in Lithuania. Four days after the firewe established a 400 m2 sampling grid within the burned area and in an adjacent unburned area with the same topographical, hydrological and pedological characteristics. Wecollected topsoil samples immediately after the fire (0 months), 2, 5, 7 and 9 months after the fire. We analysed soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), major nutrients including calcium(Ca), magnesium(Mg), sodium(Na), and potassium(K), and theminor elements aluminium(Al), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn). We also calculated the soil Na and K adsorption ratio (SPAR), Ca:Mg and Ca:Al. The results showed that this low-severity grassland fire significantly decreased soil pH, Al, and Mn but increased EC, Ca,Mg, and K,. There was no effect on Na, Fe, and Zn. Therewas a decrease of EC, Ca,Mg, and Na from 0months after the fire until 7 months after the fire,with an increase during the last sampling period. Fire did not significantly affect SPAR. Ca:Mg decreased significantly immediately after the fire, but not to critical levels. Ca:Al increased after the fire, reducing the potential effects of Al on plants. Overall, fire impactsweremainly limited to the immediate period after the fire

Synthesis of cinnamic acid derivatives and evaluation of leishmanicidal and antitumor activities

O ácido cinâmico (e seus derivados), as porções isobenzofuranona, sulfonamida e 1,2,3-triazol, possuem várias bioatividades de interesse farmacológico. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo sintetizar uma série de derivados do ácido cinâmico e avaliar as atividades leishmanicida e citotóxica. Os compostos sintetizados têm em estruturas as porções: cinamoíla 1,2,3-triazol , isobenzofuranona , e sulfonamida .Utilizando a reação de Knoevenagel, foram preparados os ácidos 4- fluorocinâmico, 4-metoxicinâmico, 3,4-dimetoxicinâmico, 3,4,5-trimetoxicinâmico, 4- bromocinâmico, 4-clorocinâmico e 4-nitrocinâmico todos apresentando estereoquímica E, confirmado pela espectroscopia de RMN de hidrogênio, com relação à dupla ligação. Os ácidos foram obtidos com rendimentos variando entre 71% e 95% e as reações foram realizados empregando tanto aquecimento convencional quanto irradiação de microondas. Os cinamatos foram preparados via reação de Steglich entre os derivados do âcido cinâmico e os álcoois propargílico e pent-4-in-1- ol com rendimentos variando de 20% a 84%; e também, entre os derivados do âcido cinâmico e isobenzofuran-1(3H)-ona com rendimentos variando de 54% a 76%. A utilização da reação “Click” permitiu a síntese dos derivados do ácido cinâmico contendo o núcleo 1,2,3-triazol com rendimentos de 8 e 17%, respectivamente A combinação de derivados do ácido cinâmico com grupos isobenzofunanona ou triazol resultou em compostos com atividade importante contra L. braziliensis, destacando- se o composto (E)-3–oxo-1,3-dihidroisobenzofuran-5-il-(3,4,5-trimetoxi)-cinamato. Imagens em microscopia eletrônica deste composto indicam autofagia, apoptose e presumivelmente necrose. Resultado este protegido em depósito de patente cujo número de processo é: BR1020190193441. Os ensaios de avaliação de citotoxicidade contra a linhagem B16-F10 na concentração de 100 µM revelaram que a maior atividade relaciona-se aos compostos contendo porções oxigenadas e um átomo de bromo. Palavras-chave: Cinâmico. Isobenzofuranona. Sulfonamida. 1,2,3-triazol. Bioatividades.Cinnamic acid (and its derivatives), isobenzofuranone, sulfonamide and 1,2,3-triazole moieties have various bioactivities of pharmacological interest. Thus, the present work aimed to synthesize a series of cinnamic acid derivatives and to evaluate leishmanicidal and cytotoxic activities. The synthesized compounds have general structures where the moieties are: cinnamoyl , 1,2,3-triazole , isobenzofuranone , and sulfonamide. Using the Knoevenagel reaction, 4-fluorocinnamic acid, 4- methoxycinnamic acid, 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid, 3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamic acid, 4- bromocinnamic acid, 4-chlorocinnamic acid and 4-nitrocinamic acid were prepared, all confirmed by stereochemistry using proton NMR spectroscopy regarding the double bond. The acids were obtained with yields ranging from 71% to 95% and the reactions were performed using both conventional heating and microwave irradiation. Cinnamates were prepared via the Steglich reaction between cinnamic acid derivatives and propargylic and pent-4-yn-1-ol alcohols in yields ranging from 20% to 84%; and also among cinnamic acid derivatives and isobenzofuran-1 (3H) -one in yields ranging from 54% to 76%. The use of the Click reaction allowed the synthesis of the cinnamic acid derivatives containing the 1,2,3-triazole nucleus in yields of 8 and 17%, respectively. The combination of cinnamic acid derivatives with isobenzofunanone or triazole groups resulted in compounds with important activity against L. braziliensis, especially compound (E)-3-oxo-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-5-yl- (3,4,5-trimethoxy) cinnamate. Electron microscopy images of this compound indicate autophagy, apoptosis and presumably necrosis. This result has been protected as a patent deposit whose case number is: BR1020190193441. Cytotoxicity assays for the 100 µM B16- F10 strain revealed that the highest activity was related to compounds containing oxygenated moieties and a bromine atom. Keywords: Cinnamic. Isobenzofuranone. Sulfonamide. 1,2,3-triazole. Bioactivities.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superio

Sythesis of cinnamates containing isobebzofuranone nucleous and prospection of bioactivities

O ácido cinâmico (e seus derivados) e as isobenzofuran-1(3H)-onas (fitalidas) constituem classes de compostos que apresentam diversas bioatividades de interesse farmacológico e agroquímico, dentre elas fungicida e citotóxica. Assim, o presente trabalho traçou como objetivos sintetizar uma série de cinamatos contendo o núcleo isobenzofuranona e avaliar suas atividades citotóxica e fungicida. Os compostos sintetizados apresentam a estrutura geral mostrada a seguir. Para a preparação dos cinamatos, inicialmente utilizou-se o processo de orto-alquilação do ácido 3-metoxibenzoico para a síntese do composto 6- metoxiisonbenzofuran-1(3H)-ona. Esta isobenzofuranona, por sua vez, foi submetida a um processo de desmetilação para produzir o derivado hidroxilado 6-hidroxiisobenzofuran-1(3H)-ona. Knoevenagel, foram preparados os Utilizando ácidos a reação de 4-fluorocinâmico, 4- metoxicinâmico, 3,4,5-trimetoxicinâmico, 4-nitrocinâmico, 4-bromocinâmico e 4-clorocinâmico, todos apresentando estereoquímica E, confirmado pela espectroscopia de RMN de hidrogênio, com relação à dupla ligação. Os ácidos foram obtidos com rendimentos variando entre 71% e 95% e as reações foram realizados empregando tanto aquecimento convencional quanto irradiação de micro-ondas. Os cinamatos contendo o núcleo isobenzofuranona foram preparados via reação de Steglich entre os derivados do âcido cinâmico e a 6-hidroxiisobenzofuran-1(3H)-ona. As reações foram realizadas empregando irradiação de micro-ondas e seis cinamatos inéditos foram obtidos com rendimentos variando de 54% a 76%. Os ensaios de avaliação de citotoxicidade contra a linhagem de célula tumoral promielocítica HL-60 revelaram que os ácidos 4-fluorocinâmico, 3,4,5-trimetoxicinâmico, 4-nitrocinâmico, 4-bromocinâmico e 4-clorocinâmico não foram capazes de inibir a viabilidade celular. Devido à baixa solubilidade em DMSO 0,4%, não foi possível avaliar o efeito citotóxico do (E)-3-(4- metoxifenil) acrilato de 3-oxo-1,3-diidroisobenzofuran-5-ila. Com respeito aos demais cinamatos, os compostos acrilato de (E)-3-(3,4,5-trimetoxifenil) acrilato de 3-oxo-1,3-diidroisobenzofuran-5-ila e acrilato de (E)-3-(4- nitrofenil) acrilato de 3-oxo-1,3-diidroisobenzofuran-5-ila foram capazes de inibir a viabilidade celular da linhagem HL-60 apresentando valores de IC 50 respectivamente iguais a 77,35 mol L -1 e 41,67 mol L -1 . Os demais cinamatos sintetizados não apresentaram atividade significativa contra a linhagem celular investigada. Os derivados do ácido cinâmico e os cinamatos foram também avaliados com relação ao halo de inibição do isolado do fungo Phytophthora palmivora. Os resultados obtidos mostraram porcentagens de inibição do crescimento da espécie fúngica variando entre 1,7% e 28,4%. O composto mais ativo contra a espécie fungica correspondeu ao ácido 4-flurocinâmico.Cinnamic acid (and its derivatives) and isobenzofuran-1 (3H)- ones (phtalides) are a group of structurally diverse compounds presenting various bioactivites including fungicide and citoxicity. The objectives of the present investigation were to synthetize and evaluate the cytotoxic and fungicide activities of a series of cinnamates presenting the general structure shown below. The synthesis of the cinnamates was initiated by preparation of 6-methoxy isobenzofuran-1-(3H)-one. It was accomplished via ortho alkylation reaction of commercially available 3-methoxybenzoic acid. Then, the demethylation of 6-methoxy isobenzofuran-1-(3H)-one afforded the hidroxylated derivative 6- hydroxy isobenzofuran-1-(3H)-one. By using Knoevenagel condensation, 4- fluorocinnamic acid, 4-methoxycinnamic acid, 3,4,5-methoxycinnamic acid, 4- bromocinnamic acid and 4-chlorocinnamic acid were prepared. The compounds presented E stereochemistry for the double bound as confirmed by hydrogen NMR spectroscopy. The carboxylic acids were carried out using conventional heating as well as microwave irradiation. The preparation of the cinnamates was possible via Steglich reaction between 6-hydroxy isobenzofuran-1-(3H)-one and the prepared cinnamic acid derivatives. The carboxylic acids were obtained with yields ranging from 71% to 95%. The reactions were carried out using convencional heating as well as microwave irradiation and the new esters were obtained wit 54% to 76% yield. The cytotoxic assays conducted with HL-60 cancer cell line revealed that the cinnamic acid derivatives were not capable of inhibiting cell viability. Due to its low solubity in DMSO 0,4%, it was not possible to acess the cytotoxicity (E)-3-oxo-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-5-yl Concerning the cinnamates, the 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)acrylate. compounds (E)-3-oxo-1,3- dihydroisobenzofuran-5-yl 3-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)acrylate and (E)-3-oxo- 1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-5-yl 3-(4-nitrophenyl)acrylate did inhibit cell viability presenting IC 50 values equal to 77,35 μmol L -1 and 41,67 μmol L -1 repectivaly. The antifungal activity was evaluated against Phytophtora palmivora by halo inhibition assay. The inhibition halo sizes were obtained using radial diffusion and dilution tests. It was found percentages of inhibition ranging from 1,7% to 28,4%. The most pronounced fungicide activity was associated with 4- fluorocinnamic acid.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorArquivo em PDF não confere com versão impressa, e-mail enviado para o departamento e demais interessados em 10/05/2016. Porém autora enviou mesmo arquivo

Synthetic analogues of the natural compound cryphonectric acid interfere with photosynthetic machinery through two different mechanisms

A series of isobenzofuran-1(3H)-ones (phthalides), analogues of the naturally occurring phytotoxin cryphonectric acid, were designed, synthesized, and fully characterized by NMR, IR, and MS analyses. Their synthesis was achieved via condensation, aromatization, and acetylation reactions. The measurement of the electron transport chain in spinach chloroplasts showed that several derivatives are capable of interfering with the photosynthetic apparatus. Few of them were found to inhibit the basal rate, but a significant inhibition was brought about only at concentrations exceeding 50 μM. Some other analogues acted as uncouplers or energy transfer inhibitors, with a remarkably higher effectiveness. Isobenzofuranone addition to the culture medium inhibited the growth of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus, with patterns consistent with the effects measured in vitro upon isolated chloroplasts. The most active derivatives, being able to completely suppress algal growth at 20 μM, may represent structures to be exploited for the design of new active ingredients for weed control

Synthetic Analogues of the Natural Compound Cryphonectric Acid Interfere with Photosynthetic Machinery through Two Different Mechanisms

A series of isobenzofuran-1­(3<i>H</i>)-ones (phthalides), analogues of the naturally occurring phytotoxin cryphonectric acid, were designed, synthesized, and fully characterized by NMR, IR, and MS analyses. Their synthesis was achieved via condensation, aromatization, and acetylation reactions. The measurement of the electron transport chain in spinach chloroplasts showed that several derivatives are capable of interfering with the photosynthetic apparatus. Few of them were found to inhibit the basal rate, but a significant inhibition was brought about only at concentrations exceeding 50 μM. Some other analogues acted as uncouplers or energy transfer inhibitors, with a remarkably higher effectiveness. Isobenzofuranone addition to the culture medium inhibited the growth of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus, with patterns consistent with the effects measured in vitro upon isolated chloroplasts. The most active derivatives, being able to completely suppress algal growth at 20 μM, may represent structures to be exploited for the design of new active ingredients for weed control

Geoeconomic variations in epidemiology, ventilation management, and outcomes in invasively ventilated intensive care unit patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome: a pooled analysis of four observational studies

Background: Geoeconomic variations in epidemiology, the practice of ventilation, and outcome in invasively ventilated intensive care unit (ICU) patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remain unexplored. In this analysis we aim to address these gaps using individual patient data of four large observational studies. Methods: In this pooled analysis we harmonised individual patient data from the ERICC, LUNG SAFE, PRoVENT, and PRoVENT-iMiC prospective observational studies, which were conducted from June, 2011, to December, 2018, in 534 ICUs in 54 countries. We used the 2016 World Bank classification to define two geoeconomic regions: middle-income countries (MICs) and high-income countries (HICs). ARDS was defined according to the Berlin criteria. Descriptive statistics were used to compare patients in MICs versus HICs. The primary outcome was the use of low tidal volume ventilation (LTVV) for the first 3 days of mechanical ventilation. Secondary outcomes were key ventilation parameters (tidal volume size, positive end-expiratory pressure, fraction of inspired oxygen, peak pressure, plateau pressure, driving pressure, and respiratory rate), patient characteristics, the risk for and actual development of acute respiratory distress syndrome after the first day of ventilation, duration of ventilation, ICU length of stay, and ICU mortality. Findings: Of the 7608 patients included in the original studies, this analysis included 3852 patients without ARDS, of whom 2345 were from MICs and 1507 were from HICs. Patients in MICs were younger, shorter and with a slightly lower body-mass index, more often had diabetes and active cancer, but less often chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart failure than patients from HICs. Sequential organ failure assessment scores were similar in MICs and HICs. Use of LTVV in MICs and HICs was comparable (42·4% vs 44·2%; absolute difference -1·69 [-9·58 to 6·11] p=0·67; data available in 3174 [82%] of 3852 patients). The median applied positive end expiratory pressure was lower in MICs than in HICs (5 [IQR 5-8] vs 6 [5-8] cm H2O; p=0·0011). ICU mortality was higher in MICs than in HICs (30·5% vs 19·9%; p=0·0004; adjusted effect 16·41% [95% CI 9·52-23·52]; p&lt;0·0001) and was inversely associated with gross domestic product (adjusted odds ratio for a US$10 000 increase per capita 0·80 [95% CI 0·75-0·86]; p&lt;0·0001). Interpretation: Despite similar disease severity and ventilation management, ICU mortality in patients without ARDS is higher in MICs than in HICs, with a strong association with country-level economic status