Branch Morphology of Nonnative Elaeagnus Shrubs and Potential Consequences for Avian Activity in Midwestern Habitats

Invasive nonnative species of woody plants can alter landscapes in ways that are detrimental to native wildlife. We studied branch structure of invasive nonnative Elaeagnus shrubs (autumn and Russian olive E. umbellata and E. angustifolia) as a potential influence on native bird activity in Midwestern habitats. In a comparison to three common native woody plants, Elaeagnus shrubs had a finer branch and denser structure than native black cherry (Prunus serotina) but did not differ from natives in other characteristics tested. Further, the morphological characteristics of Elaeagnusbranches did not appear to affect preference for perching substrate at feeders or activity of birds moving through Elaeagnus and native shrub areas monitored using mist nets. Thus, we concluded that any morphological changes that may occur when Elaeagnus shrubs invade a habitat would not negatively impact overwintering and breeding bird perching behavior or movements during the nonfruiting season

Temporal Shifts in Demography and Life History of an Anadromous Alewife Population in Connecticut

Populations of anadromous alewives (Alosa pseudoharengus) are declining throughout much of their range, particularly in southern New England where fishery moratoriums have recently been instituted in three states. The alewife run at Bride Brook, a coastal stream in East Lyme, Connecticut, was studied from 2003-06 to assess shifts in demography and life history. Annual censuses of abundance, along with sampling for size, age, and spawning history structure were conducted. These data were compared to similar data in 1966-67 at this site. Recent alewife runs at Bride Brook featured lower abundance and younger, smaller fish that were less likely to be repeat-spawners. The 1966 spawning run was dominated by age 5–7 repeat-spawners, while runs in 2003-06 were dominated by age 3 and 4 first-spawn fish. Mean length declined by 10% between 1966 and 2006. Alewives are also recruiting to the spawning run at younger ages and smaller sizes, indicating a shift in life history. The first-spawn portion of the 1966 spawning run was dominated by age 5 fish, while recent first-time spawners were primarily age 3. The shifts in demography and life history observed at Bride Brook are consistent with exploitation or predation concentrated on older, larger individuals in the population. The results of this study suggest recent increases in predatory pressure or bycatch mortality as promising hypotheses that merit further investigation