GEOPHYSICAL EVALUATION OF FOUR AREAS WITHIN THE TRADE FAIR LOCALITY AT PECOS NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK, SAN MIGUEL COUNTY, NEW MEXICO

The geophysical survey of the four selected areas within the Trade Fair Locality at Pecos National Historical Park was conducted between June 24 and 30, 2012. The Midwest Archeological Center provided technical assistance for the geophysical investigations of the four geophysical project areas. The geophysical investigations consisted primarily of a magnetic survey with a dual fluxgate gradiometer. A limited conductivity survey with an electromagnetic induction meter was also conducted on two of the four geophysical project areas. An area equal to 8,876 m2 or 2.19 ac was surveyed during the geophysical investigations of the four geophysical project areas. The geophysical survey resulted in the identification of numerous subsurface archeological features associated with the Pecos Pueblo occupation, historic Spanish and American activities, and the modern National Park Serv ice use of the property

Hopewell Newsletter- June 2010

1. Small Scale Geoarchaeological Investigations of Earthen Wall Construction at the Hopeton Earthworks (33RO 26) Several geoarchaeological and geophysical investigations have been conducted at the Hopeton Earthworks (33RO26) and met with good success (Figure 1). As such, soil cores excavated in the summer of 2007 were studied using a two-pronged methodology of soil profile characterization and magnetic susceptibility testing. These techniques were employed to closely examine three sections of earthen wall at different locations at Hopeton as a means of understanding the soil composition of the walls and assessing possible uniformity in wall construction across the site. The following focuses solely on the geoarchaeological study of the selected locations. 2. The Role of Geophysics at Hopewell Culture National Historical Park Hopewell Culture National Historical Park is best known for its earthwork complexes built by the Hopewell during the Middle Woodland period. The park was originally established in 1923 to preserve the Mound City site after its use as a World War I training camp. In the past two decades, the park has added four additional earthworks—Hopeton Earthworks, Hopewell Mound Group, Seip Earthworks, and High Bank Works—and recently had its boundaries increased to include Spruce Hill. The recent growth in land located within the park has provided opportunities for archaeological research, most of which used some sort of geophysical technique. 3. Recent Investigations at the Mound City Group Ohio Hopewell earthworks have been studied extensively, both in historic and in modern times. Mound excavations during historic and modern times have revealed much about the construction and use of mound space. More recent research at Hopewell sites in Ohio has focused on non-mound areas both within and adjacent to the earthworks. This article focuses on current research conducted outside of the enclosure at the Mound City Group. 4. Clues to the Relationship of the Riverbank Site (33RO1059) to other Ohio Hopewell Sites Through Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis on Pottery Excavations were conducted at the Riverbank Site (33RO1059), located by the Hopewell Site (33RO27), in 2004 and 2006 to gather data from the site before it is eroded away by the Paint Creek and to improve understanding of the role of small sites located near large Hopewell earthworks. Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) was conducted on pottery from the Riverbank Site to help clarify its relationship with other nearby sites. Fifteen sherds from the site were sent to the University of Missouri Research Reactor (MURR) for INAA, and the results were compared to the larger database of Hopewell ceramics. Based on the results, which show that the fifteen sherds formed a unique trace element compositional group, the site likely represents a shortterm occupation, possibly for a pilgrimage to the Hopewell Site, and the ceramics were likely either locally constructed for use at the site or constructed elsewhere to carry items on the way to Hopewell. 5. Feature Finds from the Riverbank Site, 33RO1059 Located just south and east of the Hopewell site’s Square Enclosure by about 225 meters is the Riverbank site, 33RO1059, which represents multiple occupations spanning the Archaic through historic periods, and includes a significant Middle Woodland component. Particularly noteworthy are two impressive pit features that were encountered in 2006 during a data recovery project undertaken by the Midwest Archeological Center. These pits, Features 7 and 8, would have been contemporaneous with Hopewell activities at the nearby earthwork complex, and the material culture recovered from them provides an intriguing glimpse of activities outside of the earthwork walls. 6. The Initial Phase of the Magnetic Investigations of the Mound City Group (32RO 32) at the Hopewell Culture National Historical Park, Ross County, Ohio The Mound City Group (Site 32RO32) covers approximately 13 acres. It contained at least 23 mounds when Squier and Davis made the first study of the mound complex in 1846. In the summer of 2009, the Midwest Archeological Center conducted the initial phase of a magnetic survey of the entire site. The magnetic survey in the southern portion of the site covered 11,200 m2 or 2.77 acres. The magnetic data indicated the presence of numerous magnetic anomalies associated with the Hopewell occupation and with the World War I training facility of Camp Sherman

Anarchy's anatomy : two-tiered security systems and Libya’s civil wars

No issue deserves more scrutiny than the mechanisms whereby popular unrest unleashes civil wars. We argue that one institution — two-tiered security systems — is particularly pernicious in terms of the accompanying civil war risk. These systems’ defining characteristic is the juxtaposition of small communally stacked units that protect regimes from internal adversaries with larger regular armed forces that deter external opponents. These systems aggravate civil war risks because stacked security units lack the size to repress widespread dissent, but inhibit rapid regime change through coup d’état. Regular militaries, meanwhile, fracture when ordered to employ force against populations from which they were recruited.PostprintPeer reviewe

GEOPHYSICAL EVALUATION OF FOUR AREAS WITHIN THE TRADE FAIR LOCALITY AT PECOS NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK, SAN MIGUEL COUNTY, NEW MEXICO

The geophysical survey of the four selected areas within the Trade Fair Locality at Pecos National Historical Park was conducted between June 24 and 30, 2012. The Midwest Archeological Center provided technical assistance for the geophysical investigations of the four geophysical project areas. The geophysical investigations consisted primarily of a magnetic survey with a dual fluxgate gradiometer. A limited conductivity survey with an electromagnetic induction meter was also conducted on two of the four geophysical project areas. An area equal to 8,876 m2 or 2.19 ac was surveyed during the geophysical investigations of the four geophysical project areas. The geophysical survey resulted in the identification of numerous subsurface archeological features associated with the Pecos Pueblo occupation, historic Spanish and American activities, and the modern National Park Serv ice use of the property

Trochodendraceous fruits and foliage in the miocene of western North America

Two fossil fruit types and at least one fossil leaf type representing Trochodendraceae are recognized from the middle Miocene Cascadia flora of western Oregon, USA. Trochodendron rosayi sp. nov., known also from the middle Miocene of eastern Oregon and northern Idaho, is based on long-pedicelled, apically dehiscent capsular fruits with 7–9 persistent outcurved styles, very similar to the extant monotypic east Asian species T. aralioides. Concavistylon kvacekii gen. et sp. nov. is named for a racemose infructescence bearing shortly pedicellate, apically dehiscent capsules with 4 to 5 persistent incurved styles arising from the basal 1/3 of the fruit. Leaves associated at the Moose Mountain locality are recognized as Trochodendron postnastae sp. nov. They have basally acrodromous venation with a prominent midvein bracketed by a pair of strongly ascending basal secondaries and are thought to correspond to the T. rosayi fruits. These new occurrences demonstrate that greater diversity was present among fossil Trochodendraceae than previously recognized during the Miocene in western North America

Newly recognized diversity in Trochodendraceae from the Eocene of Western North America

The Eocene flora of the Okanogan Highlands in the Pacific Northwest of North America has been recognized previously to include extinct species of both extant genera of the Trochodendraceae. Here, using microcomputed tomography (μCT) scanning to augment traditional methods, we recognize additional diversity, including two new fruit types. Concavistylon wehrii sp. nov. is documented by a fertile twig with attached leaves and an infructescence, allowing for an unusually complete reconstruction of this extinct genus. Concavistyon wehrii infructescences are racemes bearing fruits on short pedicels. Fruits are apically dehiscent capsules with four to six styles. The leaves resemble those of modern Trochodendron in pinnate venation, glandular teeth, and epidermal anatomy but have short petioles. The second new type of infructescence, Pentacentron sternhartae gen. et sp. nov., resembles extant Tetracentron in having small, sessile, apically dehiscent capsules but consistently has five, rather than four, styles. The μCT X-ray imaging demonstrates that fruits of both Concavistylon and Pentacentron differ from those of extant Trochodendraceae in having styles that are concave with stigmas directed inward rather than outward. These fossils, together with previously recognized fossil fruits and leaves of Trochodendron and leaves of Tetracentron from the same beds, indicate that the Trochodendraceae family was more diverse 50–52 Ma than it is today

Palynoflora of the late Paleocene silicified shale at Almont, North Dakota, USA

A pollen and spore assemblage of 50 species was recovered from the late Paleocene (pollen zone P5) Almont locality in the Williston Basin, central North Dakota, USA. This palynoflora was extracted from the same layer containing a diverse megaflora preserved in a silicified shale with compressed leaves, and anatomically preserved fruits and seeds. More than 44 megafossil genera assignable to 26 extant plant families thus far have been recognized. The palynomorphs, which are of exceptional preservation, were examined using the same-grain technique with both light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Additional LM and SEM studies augmented the same grain studies to provide an understanding of sculptural features, and additional, rare taxa. Of particular note are the in situ pollen types known from catkins and pollen cones, allowing for confirmation of the dispersed pollen\u27s systematic position by tying it to its parent plant. Taxa for which in situ pollen is known from Almont include taxodiaceous conifers, Betulaceae, Hamamelidaceae, Juglandaceae, and Platanaceae, and several catkins of uncertain affinities, some with monosulcate grains. This study emphasizes the role of palynology in providing an expanded view of the flora from palynomorphs for comparison with a rich megafossil assemblage