A review of nitrogen isotopic alteration in marine sediments

Key Points: Use of sedimentary nitrogen isotopes is examined; On average, sediment 15N/14N increases approx. 2 per mil during early burial; Isotopic alteration scales with water depth Abstract: Nitrogen isotopes are an important tool for evaluating past biogeochemical cycling from the paleoceanographic record. However, bulk sedimentary nitrogen isotope ratios, which can be determined routinely and at minimal cost, may be altered during burial and early sedimentary diagenesis, particularly outside of continental margin settings. The causes and detailed mechanisms of isotopic alteration are still under investigation. Case studies of the Mediterranean and South China Seas underscore the complexities of investigating isotopic alteration. In an effort to evaluate the evidence for alteration of the sedimentary N isotopic signal and try to quantify the net effect, we have compiled and compared data demonstrating alteration from the published literature. A >100 point comparison of sediment trap and surface sedimentary nitrogen isotope values demonstrates that, at sites located off of the continental margins, an increase in sediment 15N/14N occurs during early burial, likely at the seafloor. The extent of isotopic alteration appears to be a function of water depth. Depth-related differences in oxygen exposure time at the seafloor are likely the dominant control on the extent of N isotopic alteration. Moreover, the compiled data suggest that the degree of alteration is likely to be uniform through time at most sites so that bulk sedimentary isotope records likely provide a good means for evaluating relative changes in the global N cycle

Multi-criteria anomaly detection in urban noise sensor networks

The growing concern of citizens about the quality of their living environment and the emergence of low-cost microphones and data acquisition systems triggered the deployment of numerous noise monitoring networks spread over large geograPhical areas. Due to the local character of noise pollution in an urban environment, a dense measurement network is needed in order to accurately assess the spatial and temporal variations. The use of consumer grade microphones in this context appears to be very cost-efficient compared to the use of measurement microphones. However, the lower reliability of these sensing units requires a strong quality control of the measured data. To automatically validate sensor (microphone) data, prior to their use in further processing, a multi-criteria measurement quality assessment model for detecting anomalies such as microphone breakdowns, drifts and critical outliers was developed. Each of the criteria results in a quality score between 0 and 1. An ordered weighted average (OWA) operator combines these individual scores into a global quality score. The model is validated on datasets acquired from a real-world, extensive noise monitoring network consisting of more than 50 microphones. Over a period of more than a year, the proposed approach successfully detected several microphone faults and anomalies

Location-based service enabling platform for cultural heritage environments

An often heard critique on the use of ICT in a heritage context is the individualized nature of the experience. Group communication is an important aspect within a cultural experience, because it can encourage participants to interact with one another and to stimulate each other. Another aspect of great importance is the blending in of the virtual and the real achieved by using context based information to provide relevant information and services to the user. Nowadays, there is no square and ready solution for the transferring of context information and visitor related data. There is a clear need for a high-level network architecture, reusable for the mobile opening up of historical heritage locations. In this paper we present such an architecture, which will be mapped to a specific heritage site. We also focus on the location info collection of the users, which makes it possible to create location-aware services. Therefore, we implemented and evaluated a location determination system containing three algorithm classes which use receiver signal strength information to infer locations