IEA SHC Task 48 - Market Support Measures

AbstractWithin IEA SHC Task 48 “Quality assurance and support measures for Solar Cooling” market support measures have been analyzed and developed for different purposes. A review of relevant international standards, rating and incentive schemes has been carried out. A methodology for performance assessment, rating and benchmarking for SHC-system has been developed and tested with 10 best practice examples. Three selected solutions for small, medium and large scale SHC plant designs are described in detail and will be published as design guide [3]. Further work investigated measurement and verification procedures, labelling possibilities and contracting models

The macroeconomic damage from gender discrimination

Daniel Stempel and Ulrike Neyer analyse the effects of gender discrimination on macroeconomic outcomes. Their study suggests that if there were no gender discrimination, adverse economic shocks like the COVID-19 pandemic would be less detrimental to economic activity. Additional consequences of gender discrimination come via monetary policy: central bank reactions to the crisis end up increasing discriminatory wage gaps and are less effective at stabilising the economy

Narcissism and the strategic pursuit of short-term mating : universal links across 11 world regions of the International Sexuality Description Project-2.

Previous studies have documented links between sub-clinical narcissism and the active pursuit of short-term mating strategies (e.g., unrestricted sociosexuality, marital infidelity, mate poaching). Nearly all of these investigations have relied solely on samples from Western cultures. In the current study, responses from a cross-cultural survey of 30,470 people across 53 nations spanning 11 world regions (North America, Central/South America, Northern Europe, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, Middle East, Africa, Oceania, Southeast Asia, and East Asia) were used to evaluate whether narcissism (as measured by the Narcissistic Personality Inventory; NPI) was universally associated with short-term mating. Results revealed narcissism scores (including two broad factors and seven traditional facets as measured by the NPI) were functionally equivalent across cultures, reliably associating with key sexual outcomes (e.g., more active pursuit of short-term mating, intimate partner violence, and sexual aggression) and sex-related personality traits (e.g., higher extraversion and openness to experience). Whereas some features of personality (e.g., subjective well-being) were universally associated with socially adaptive facets of Narcissism (e.g., self-sufficiency), most indicators of short-term mating (e.g., unrestricted sociosexuality and marital infidelity) were universally associated with the socially maladaptive facets of narcissism (e.g., exploitativeness). Discussion addresses limitations of these cross-culturally universal findings and presents suggestions for future research into revealing the precise psychological features of narcissism that facilitate the strategic pursuit of short-term mating

Narcisismo y búsqueda estratégica del emparejamiento a corto plazo a través de las culturas: Enlaces omnipresentes a través de 11 regiones mundiales del Proyecto de la descripción de la sexualidad internacional 2

Previous studies have documented links between sub-clinical narcissism and the active pursuit of short-term mating strategies (e.g., unrestricted sociosexuality, marital infidelity, mate poaching). Nearly all of these investigations have relied solely on samples from Western cultures. In the current study, responses from a cross-cultural survey of 30,470 people across 53 nations spanning 11 world regions (North America, Central/South America, Northern Europe, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, Middle East, Africa, Oceania, Southeast Asia, and East Asia) were used to evaluate whether narcissism (as measured by the Narcissistic Personality Inventory; NPI) was universally associated with short-term mating. Results revealed narcissism scores (including two broad factors and seven traditional facets as measured by the NPI) were functionally equivalent across cultures, reliably associating with key sexual outcomes (e.g., more active pursuit of short-term mating, intimate partner violence, and sexual aggression) and sex-related personality traits (e.g., higher extraversion and openness to experience). Whereas some features of personality (e.g., subjective well-being) were universally associated with socially adaptive facets of Narcissism (e.g., self-sufficiency), most indicators of short-term mating (e.g., unrestricted sociosexuality and marital infidelity) were universally associated with the socially maladaptive facets of narcissism (e.g., exploitativeness). Discussion addresses limitations of these cross-culturally universal findings and presents suggestions for future research into revealing the precise psychological features of narcissism that facilitate the strategic pursuit of short-term mating.Estudios previos, en primer lugar a través de las muestras de culturas occidentales, han documentado asociaciones sistemáticas del narcisismo subclínico con múltiples indicadores de estrategias del emparejamiento a corto plazo (p. ej. sociosexualidad ilimitada, infidelidad, caza de pareja). En este estudio se han usado respuestas de la encuesta transcultural de 30.470 personas de 53 naciones de 11 regiones mundiales (América del Norte, América del Sur/América Central, Europa del Norte, Europa del Oeste, Europa del Este, Europa del Sur, Oriente Próximo, África, Asia del Sur/Sudoeste de Asia, Asia del Este y Oceanía) para evaluar si el narcisismo (medido por el Inventario de Personalidad Narcisista; NPI) se asocia panuniversalmente con los indicadores del emparejamiento a corto plazo, tanto en la dirección, como en la intensidad. Los resultados sugieren que el narcisismo (incluidos muchos aspectos suyos medidos por el NPI) tiene las mismas asociaciones básicas con los rasgos de personalidad relacionados con el sexo (p. ej. extraversión alta) y con los resultados sexuales claves (p. ej. búsqueda más activa de las estrategias del emparejamiento a corto plazo) a través de las 11 mayores regiones mundiales del PDSI 2. La discusión se enfoca en las implicaciones y limitaciones del estudio actual

New Generation Solar Heating and Cooling : Assessment and Technology Development

Der Stromverbrauch für Klimatisierung erreichte im Jahr 2016 weltweit 20% des gesamten Strombedarfs in Gebäuden (OECD/IEA, 2018). Aufgrund des steigenden Lebensstandards, des Wirtschafts- und Bevölkerungswachstums und des Klimawandels steigt dieser schneller als jeder andere Energieverbrauch. Ohne entsprechende Maßnahmen wird sich der Bedarf an Raumkühlung bis zum Jahr 2050 nahezu verdreifachen. Neben Effizienzmaßnahmen für Geräte und Gebäude können solare bzw. erneuerbare Kühlsysteme die Umweltbelastung massiv reduzieren. Solare Kühlung ist wegen der Gleichzeitigkeit der Kühllasten und der solaren Einstrahlung augenscheinlich eine geeignete Maßnahme. Durch den Einsatz solcher Systeme kann der steigende Druck auf die Stromnetze reduziert werden. Die einzelnen Komponenten sind zwar verfügbar, allerdings konnte sich solares Kühlen wegen der technischen Komplexität und der hohen Investitionen bisher nicht auf dem Markt etablieren. Fehlende Standards erschweren das Benchmarking gegenüber herkömmlichen Systemen. Derzeit ist eine neue Generation von solarthermischen und photovoltaisch betriebenen Systemen am Aufkommen und bieten eine hervorragende Chance in naher Zukunft solare Lösungen zu etablieren. Um diese neuen Entwicklungen auf Systemebene zu bewerten wird im Rahmen dieser Arbeit eine einheitliche Bewertungsmethode für technische und wirtschaftliche Größen erarbeitet und definiert. Diese Methode wird in ein Bewertungstool implementiert, welches umfassende Daten unterschiedlichster Anlagenkonfigurationen und Anwendungen beinhaltet. Im Task 53 des Programms für solares Heizen und Kühlen der Internationalen Energieagentur (IEA SHC Task 53) werden die optimalen Randbedingungen der jeweiligen Technologie herausgearbeitet. Auf Komponenten- und Systemebene wird eine NH3/H2O-Absorptions- sowie eine NH3-Kompressions-Kältemaschine für eine optimierte Betriebsweise in solaren Systemen entwickelt. Die Komponenten können sowohl in kühllast-dominierten Profilen als auch als Wärmepumpensysteme zur Warmwasserbereitung verwendet werden. Die Systemkonfigu-rationen werden mittels Simulationsstudien unter Verwendung detaillierter, kalibrierter, Modelle optimiert. Dynamische Regelstrategien und eine minimale Anzahl von Komponenten führen zu hohen technischen Standards (z. B. saisonale elektrische Arbeitszahlen größer 15), hohen Umweltvorteilen (z.B. bis zu 80% nicht-erneuerbaren Primärenergieeinsparungen) bei annehmbarer Wirtschaftlichkeit (Kostengleichheit gegenüber einer Referenz, aber auch teils geringeren Energiegestehungskosten). Die Ergebnisse der Eigenentwicklungen passen in die Trends von 28 im IEA SHC Task 53 analysierten Anlagen. Die Analysen zeigen, dass die Anwendung, der Standort und die Systemgröße die technischen und ökonomischen Ereignisse am meisten beeinflussen. Sens-itivitätsanalysen demonstrieren den Einfluss auf die Leistungsfähigkeit solarthermischer und photovoltaisch unterstützter Systeme. Im Vergleich zu konventionellen Systemen, können Umweltvorteile bei vergleichbaren und akzeptablen Kosten erreicht werden. Es bedarf jedoch eines ambitionierten Aufschwungs, um dieses Wissen in die Praxis zu übertragen und solares Heizen und Kühlen erfolgreich zu etablieren und somit die Umweltbelastung für den steigenden Bedarf an Raumkühlung in Grenzen zu halten.In 2016, air-conditioning accounted for nearly 20% of the total electricity demand in buildings worldwide and is growing faster than any other energy consumption in buildings (OECD/IEA, 2018). The main reasons for the growth rate are rising living standards related to economic and population development. If measures are not taken to counteract this increase, the space cooling demand will almost triple by 2050. Beside the efficiency of chillers and load reduction in buildings and processes, solar and renewable driven cooling systems play a critical role in reducing environmental impact. Solar driven cooling (and heating) is a recognized solution as the cooling loads often coincide with irradiation and components are available on the market. Through the application of solar driven systems, the excessive pressure on electrical grids could be significantly reduced, during times of peak energy demand. However, solar (thermal) cooling failed to establish on the market through the lack of knowledge in design, technical complexity and high initial costs. The lack of standards for equipment testing and for assessment not only impedes benchmarking against conventional systems, but also among different renewable technologies. A new generation of solar thermal and photovoltaic driven systems provides opportunities to establish solar (thermal) solutions in near future. A unified technical and economic assessment method is developed to rate and benchmark these new developments at system level. The assessment tool provides a comprehensive data base of boundary conditions that are used in various configurations and applications. Under Task 53 of the Solar Heating and Cooling Program run by the International Energy Agency (IEA SHC Task 53) the available systems are used to study the boundary conditions to identify the most favorable technology. A small-scale single-/half-effect NH3/H2O absorption chiller and a NH3 vapor compression chiller are developed for optimized solar applications and are integrated in HVAC system concepts accordingly. The components can be applied in cooling dominated profiles but can also serve as heat pump for the provision of hot water. The optimization of the entire system configuration is performed using simulation studies with detailed models, validated against laboratory measurements. Dynamic control strategies and a minimum number of components lead to high technical standards (e.g., electrical seasonal performance factors higher than 15), deliver high environmental benefits (e.g., up to 80% non-renewable primary energy savings) and are cost effective (near cost parity but also already below the costs of the reference system). The results achieved are compatible with the trends recorded from the analysis of 28 new generation solar heating and cooling systems within IEA SHC Task 53. Trend analyses show that most are affected by the type of application, the location and the size of the system. Sensitivity analyses, built upon these results, show the influence on technical and economic performance of solar thermal and photovoltaic supported systems and highlight that environmental benefits can be achieved at comparable and probably acceptable costs compared to conventional systems. However, an ambitious boost in efficiency is necessary to transfer this knowledge into practice, to successfully provide stable and effective solar heating and cooling.Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des VerfassersArbeit an der Bibliothek noch nicht eingelangt - Daten nicht geprüftInnsbruck, Univ., Diss., 2018(VLID)278990

Spatial Distribution of Future Demand for Space Cooling Applications and Potential of Solar Thermal Cooling Systems

Demand for space cooling systems is growing worldwide. The main reasons are socioeconomic developments such as the growing world population and the rise of economic wealth, especially in developing countries. These developments run simultaneously with global warming effects, increasing the need for cooling. This study introduces the development of the Cooling Demand Market Index (CDMI), which indicates the demand for cooling appliances worldwide at a spatial resolution of 1 km. It is based on population density, Gross Domestic Product (GDP)/capita and Cooling Degree Days (CDD) per climate zone. The CDMI is calculated for 2020 and 2050 in four different future scenarios in accordance with the Spatial Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP) and Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP). Further, the Solar Thermal Cooling Index (STCI) was developed to spatially estimate the worldwide potential to use solar thermal cooling systems based on solar availability and limitations due to maximum heat rejection temperature. Results of the CDMI show that the economic demand for cooling solutions is increasing, especially in developing countries, and that India will be by far the largest market by 2050. Countries such as Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo show the strongest national increases in CDMI. The STCI indicates that ammonia absorption chillers and zeolite adsorption chillers can serve the vast majority of the market thanks to their capability to run at high condenser temperatures

Integration of Solar Cooling Systems in Buildings in Sunbelt Region: An Overview

This paper presents the results of the activities related to the subtask “Building and process optimization” of the IEA SHC Task 65. The main topic of this activity was the integration of solar cooling in retrofitted HVAC systems. Based on the current conventional HVAC systems, the integration may present difficulties concerning cold distribution and refrigerants. Cold supply systems can also reduce airflow in air-based systems and enhance thermal comfort in buildings. The best technical actions for specific scenarios were mentioned considering both technical and economic aspects. Unfortunately, not all the analyses that were planned provide useful data. Results show that there are few recent projects that consider the application of solar cooling systems in buildings and most of them are based on simulation. Moreover, not much data about the characteristics of the buildings (envelope, other cooling systems, comfort conditions, etc.) are reported in the studies. This is because many of them are more focused on the plants’ configurations, and the performance of the different plants is in general assessed by testing the prototype in a single room. Despite this, the information provided could be used as baseline cases in order to study the potential energy savings achievable by applying solar cooling systems