Involvement of OpenStreetMap in European H2020 Projects

International audienc

Analyse numérique du fluage et de la recouvrance d'un contact viscoélastique

Des essais de fluage de contact et de recouvrance des empreintes ont été réalisés pour analyser la "cicatrisation" d'une surface de PMMA sollicitée en microindentation par une bille rigide. Les résultats sont analysés avec des simulations numériques. L'identification du comportement viscoélastique du PMMA est obtenue à partir d'essais de relaxation. Les résultats permettent d'analyser les champs de déformation sous le contact lors de la phase de fluage. Ceux-ci montrent que la localisation du niveau maximal de déformation est prépondérante dans le caractère cicatrisant d'une empreinte

Changing paradigm in the treatment of amyloidosis: From disease-modifying drugs to anti-fibril therapy.

Cardiac amyloidosis is a rare, debilitating, and usually fatal disease increasingly recognized in clinical practice despite patients presenting with non-specific symptoms of cardiomyopathy. The current standard of care (SoC) focuses on preventing further amyloid formation and deposition, either with anti-plasma cell dyscrasia (anti-PCD) therapies in light-chain (AL) amyloidosis or stabilizers of transthyretin (TTR) in transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR). The SoC is supplemented by therapies to treat the complications arising from organ dysfunction; for example, heart failure, arrhythmia, and proteinuria. Advancements in treatments have improved patient survival, especially for those whose disease is detected and for whom treatment is initiated at an early stage. However, there still are many unmet medical needs, particularly for patients with severe disease for whom morbidity and mortality remain high. There currently are no approved treatments to reverse amyloid infiltration and deplete the amyloid fibrils already deposited in organs, which can continue to cause progressive dysfunction. Anti-fibril therapies aimed at removing the deposited fibrils are being investigated for safety and efficacy in improving outcomes for patients with severe disease. However, there is no clinical evidence yet that removing deposited amyloid fibrils will improve organ function, thereby improving quality of life or extending life. Nevertheless, anti-fibril therapies are actively being investigated in clinical trials to evaluate their ability to complement and synergize with current SoC.This manuscript was funded by Alexion AstraZeneca Rare Disease. The funder was not involved in the study design, collection, analysis, interpretation of data, the writing of this article, or the decision to submit it for publication.S

Dynamics of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors in Benin: first evidence of the presence of L1014S kdr mutation in Anopheles gambiae from West Africa

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Insecticide resistance monitoring is essential to help national programmers to implement more effective and sustainable malaria control strategies in endemic countries. This study reported the spatial and seasonal variations of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors in Benin, West Africa.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p><it>Anopheles gambiae s.l </it>populations were collected from October 2008 to June 2010 in four sites selected on the basis of different use of insecticides and environment. WHO susceptibility tests were carried out to detect resistance to DDT, fenitrothion, bendiocarb, permethrin and deltamethrin. The synergist piperonyl butoxide was used to assess the role of non-target site mechanisms in pyrethroid resistance. <it>Anopheles gambiae </it>mosquitoes were identified to species and to molecular M and S forms using PCR techniques. Molecular and biochemical assays were carried out to determine <it>kdr </it>and <it>Ace.1^R</it>allelic frequencies and activity of the detoxification enzymes.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Throughout the surveys very high levels of mortality to bendiocarb and fenitrothion were observed in <it>An. gambiae s.l</it>. populations. However, high frequencies of resistance to DDT and pyrethroids were seen in both M and S form of <it>An. gambiae s.s</it>. and <it>Anopheles arabiensis</it>. PBO increased the toxicity of permethrin and restored almost full susceptibility to deltamethrin. <it>Anopheles gambiae s.l</it>. mosquitoes from Cotonou and Malanville showed higher oxidase activity compared to the Kisumu susceptible strain in 2009, whereas the esterase activity was higher in the mosquitoes from Bohicon in both 2008 and 2009. A high frequency of <it>1014F kdr </it>allele was initially showed in <it>An. gambiae </it>from Cotonou and Tori-Bossito whereas it increased in mosquitoes from Bohicon and Malanville during the second year. For the first time the <it>L1014S kdr </it>mutation was found in <it>An. arabiensis </it>in Benin. The <it>ace.1^R</it>mutation was almost absent <it>in An. gambiae s.l</it>.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Pyrethroid and DDT resistance is widespread in malaria vector in Benin and both metabolic and target site resistance are implicated. Resistance was not correlated with a change of malaria species and/or molecular forms. The <it>1014S kdr </it>allele was first identified in wild population of <it>An. arabiensis </it>hence confirming the expansion of pyrethroid resistance alleles in Africa.</p

Maternal outcomes and risk factors for COVID-19 severity among pregnant women.

Pregnant women may be at higher risk of severe complications associated with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which may lead to obstetrical complications. We performed a case control study comparing pregnant women with severe coronavirus disease 19 (cases) to pregnant women with a milder form (controls) enrolled in the COVI-Preg international registry cohort between March 24 and July 26, 2020. Risk factors for severity, obstetrical and immediate neonatal outcomes were assessed. A total of 926 pregnant women with a positive test for SARS-CoV-2 were included, among which 92 (9.9%) presented with severe COVID-19 disease. Risk factors for severe maternal outcomes were pulmonary comorbidities [aOR 4.3, 95% CI 1.9-9.5], hypertensive disorders [aOR 2.7, 95% CI 1.0-7.0] and diabetes [aOR2.2, 95% CI 1.1-4.5]. Pregnant women with severe maternal outcomes were at higher risk of caesarean section [70.7% (n = 53/75)], preterm delivery [62.7% (n = 32/51)] and newborns requiring admission to the neonatal intensive care unit [41.3% (n = 31/75)]. In this study, several risk factors for developing severe complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection among pregnant women were identified including pulmonary comorbidities, hypertensive disorders and diabetes. Obstetrical and neonatal outcomes appear to be influenced by the severity of maternal disease

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome associated with COVID-19: An Emulated Target Trial Analysis.

RATIONALE: Whether COVID patients may benefit from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) compared with conventional invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) remains unknown. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the effect of ECMO on 90-Day mortality vs IMV only Methods: Among 4,244 critically ill adult patients with COVID-19 included in a multicenter cohort study, we emulated a target trial comparing the treatment strategies of initiating ECMO vs. no ECMO within 7 days of IMV in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (PaO2/FiO2 <80 or PaCO2 ≥60 mmHg). We controlled for confounding using a multivariable Cox model based on predefined variables. MAIN RESULTS: 1,235 patients met the full eligibility criteria for the emulated trial, among whom 164 patients initiated ECMO. The ECMO strategy had a higher survival probability at Day-7 from the onset of eligibility criteria (87% vs 83%, risk difference: 4%, 95% CI 0;9%) which decreased during follow-up (survival at Day-90: 63% vs 65%, risk difference: -2%, 95% CI -10;5%). However, ECMO was associated with higher survival when performed in high-volume ECMO centers or in regions where a specific ECMO network organization was set up to handle high demand, and when initiated within the first 4 days of MV and in profoundly hypoxemic patients. CONCLUSIONS: In an emulated trial based on a nationwide COVID-19 cohort, we found differential survival over time of an ECMO compared with a no-ECMO strategy. However, ECMO was consistently associated with better outcomes when performed in high-volume centers and in regions with ECMO capacities specifically organized to handle high demand. This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Collins and Sivers asymmetries in muonproduction of pions and kaons off transversely polarised protons

Measurements of the Collins and Sivers asymmetries for charged pions and charged and neutral kaons produced in semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering of high energy muons off transversely polarised protons are presented. The results were obtained using all the available COMPASS proton data, which were taken in the years 2007 and 2010. The Collins asymmetries exhibit in the valence region a non-zero signal for pions and there are hints of non-zero signal also for kaons. The Sivers asymmetries are found to be positive for positive pions and kaons and compatible with zero otherwise. © 2015

Hydrodynamic behavior of 'Marais de Saint-Gond' (Marne, France)

L’objectif de la thèse, réalisée dans le cadre du programme HYDRES (2014-2018), est de comprendre les différents modes d’alimentation en eaux des Marais de Saint-Gond, vaste zone humide de 2 500 hectares (Marne, Grand-Est), et d’identifier comment les écoulements se répartissent au sein du bassin-versant. Ces travaux permettront également de comprendre comment les Marais de Saint-Gond s’inscrivent au sein de l’interfluve Marne/Aube. Le croisement d’approches géomorphologiques (cartographie et profils de terrasses alluviales, profils des remplissages alluviaux…) et hydrologiques (analyses hydrologiques aux stations, mesures sérielles de débits et de paramètres physico-chimique, spatialisation des rendements hydrologiques…) met en valeur des conditions d’écoulement hétérogènes au sein de l’interfluve, paradoxalement homogène climatiquement et géologiquement. Une étude des remplissages associée à une étude paléo-environnementale permet quant à elle de retracer la géométrie des remplissages mais également l’évolution de la zone humide sur les 15 000 dernières années. Enfin, l’étude diachronique permet de comprendre l’évolution des Marais de Saint-Gond sur les 200 dernières années et de mettre en évidence les raisons pour lesquelles la superficie de la zone humide diminue au fil des années.The purpose of the thesis, carried out under the HYDRES program (2014-2018) is to understand the different water supply modes of the Marais de Saint-Gond, a vast 2,500 hectare wetland (Marne, Grand-Est), and identify how flows are distributed within the watershed. This work will also make it possible to understand how the Marais de Saint-Gond fit into interfluve Marne/Aube. The crossing of geomorphological approaches (mapping and profiles of alluvial terraces, alluvial filling profiles…) and hydrological (hydrological analyses at stations, serial measurements of flow rates and physico-chemical parameters, spatialization of hydrological yields…) highlights heterogeneous flow conditions into interfluve Marne/Aube, paradoxically homogeneous climatically and geologically. A filling study combined with a paleo-environmental study allows us to trace not only the filling geometry but also the evolution of the wetland over the past 15,000 years. Finally, the diachronic study makes it possible to understand the evolution of the Marais de Saint-Gond over the last 200 years and to highlight the reasons why the area of the wetland decreases over the years