4-Benzyl-1-(4-nitrophenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole: crystal structure and Hirshfeld analysis

The mol­ecule in the title compound, C15H12N4O2, has a twisted L-shape with the dihedral angle between the aromatic rings of the N-bound benzene and C-bound benzyl groups being 70.60 (9)°. The nitro group is co-planar with the benzene ring to which it is connected [C—C—N—O torsion angle = 0.4 (3)°]. The three-dimensional packing is stabilized by a combination of methyl­ene-C—H...O(nitro), methyl­ene-C—H...π(phen­yl), phenyl-C—H...π(triazol­yl) and nitro-O...π(nitro­benzene) inter­actions, along with weak π(triazol­yl)–π(nitrobenzene) contacts [inter-centroid distance = 3.8386 (10) Å]. The importance of the specified inter­molecular contacts has been verified by an analysis of the calculated Hirshfeld surface

A model of ideological struggle

A general model for opinion formation and competition, like in ideological struggles is formulated. The underlying set is a closed one, like a country but in which the population size is variable in time. Several ideologies compete to increase their number of adepts. Such followers can be either converted from one ideology to another or become followers of an ideology though being previously ideologically-free. A reverse process is also allowed. We consider two kinds of conversion: unitary conversion, e.g. by means of mass communication tools, or binary conversion, e.g. by means of interactions between people. It is found that the steady state,when it exists, depends on the number of ideologies. Moreover when the number of ideologies increases some tension arises between them. This tension can change in the course of time. We propose to measure the ideology tensions through an appropriately defined scale index.Comment: 10 pages, 3 figures, 46 references, working pape

Interdependent binary choices under social influence: phase diagram for homogeneous unbiased populations

Coupled Ising models are studied in a discrete choice theory framework, where they can be understood to represent interdependent choice making processes for homogeneous populations under social influence. Two different coupling schemes are considered. The nonlocal or group interdependence model is used to study two interrelated groups making the same binary choice. The local or individual interdependence model represents a single group where agents make two binary choices which depend on each other. For both models, phase diagrams, and their implications in socioeconomic contexts, are described and compared in the absence of private deterministic utilities (zero opinion fields).Comment: 17 pages, 3 figures. This is the pre-peer reviewed version of the following article: Ana Fern\'andez del R\'io, Elka Korutcheva and Javier de la Rubia, Interdependent binary choices under social influence, Wiley's Complexity, 2012; which has been published in final form at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cplx.21397/abstrac

La «pax» concessa da Angelo Ingegneri al genovese Andronico Garbarino nel 1581

In 1581 the Venetian poet Angelo Ingegneri and the Genoese law doctor Andronico Garbarino went to the Parma notary Giovanni Maria Amitta to sign a ‘peace’ and thus avoid the duel. Sometime before Garbarino had insulted and slapped Ingegneri for reasons that are not reported in the document. If Garbarino was accustomed to violence, so much so that he fled Genoa after killing a man in the context of the violent competition between the ‘old’ and ‘new’ factions, Ingegneri seems to have been more peaceful, even if in that same year 1581 he took the liberty of publishing Torquato Tasso’s Gerusalemme liberata in Parma without the authorization of the author, who was imprisoned in Ferrara at the time, and without granting him any financial satisfaction. The study offers the opportunity for some reflection on the ancient code of honor expressed by Ariosto and Tasso, the treatises on dueling published in the Italian states in the modern era and on the efforts of the Roman Congregations of the Index of the Holy Office to limit the practice of dueling. In the appendices the treatises on dueling printed in Italy between the 16th and 18th centuries are listed and the notarial deed of ‘peace’ is transcribed

Stress-Induced Cardiomyopathy

Stress-induced cardiomyopathy is a relatively uncommon syndrome with difficult definition. Cases with transient and reversible left ventricular dysfunction, precipitated by emotional stress and without coronary artery disease, are called takotsubo syndrome, left ventricular apical ballooning, and broken heart syndrome. Many names used to refer to this syndrome are related to the shape of the left ventricle and/or the precipitating factors, but there is not yet a consensus about the proper name. Situations related to physical stress, such as intracranial bleeding, have similar patterns, including the absence of previous cardiac involvement. The increased blood levels of endogenous catecholamine, and increase of myocardial catecholamine in areas with high density of sympathetic innervations, seem to be the mechanisms for myocardial cell necrosis with eosinophilic transverse bands. The localized spasm of the epicardial coronaries, or diffuse microcirculatory dysfunction, is also one of the proposed mechanisms. There are still some areas of controversy that have no definite answer.Facultad de Ciencias Médica

A SITUAÇÃO DAS PESSOAS PORTADORAS DE DEFICIÊNCIA FÍSICA: COTEJO ENTRE OS INSTRUMENTOS TEÓRICOS EXISTENTES E AS LIMITAÇÕES IMPOSTAS POR UMA INFRA-ESTRUTURA URBANA INADEQUADA E EXCLUDENTE

O presente trabalho foi proposto a partir da observaçãoda ausência de políticas públicas consistentes para aimplementação de uma infra-estrutura urbana que respeiteos portadores de deficiência física, bem como emface das constantes violações aos direitos humanos queestas pessoas vêm sofrendo. O estudo consiste em umatentativa de executar a legislação vigente, através do PoderJudiciário, quando o Poder Executivo for inefetivo.Para tal escopo, abordou-se o tema sob a perspectiva dosdireitos humanos, tendo sido apresentados os principaisinstrumentos teóricos existentes em âmbito internacional,bem como a legislação brasileira pertinente. O trabalhointenta fornecer subsídios para pesquisas e, inclusive,para eventuais ações judiciais

Synthesis of equivalent sources for tyre/road noise simulation and analysis of the vehicle influence on sound propagation

Road traffic noise affects the well-being of people living in urban areas. Amongst the noise sources, tyre/road interaction plays a major role. In this context, predictive acoustic models can be useful for the tyre industry to design quiter tyres. This paper deals with a methodology for simulating tyre/road noise through equivalent monopoles, synthesised using an inverse problem approach, starting from indoor tests performed in a semi-anechoic chamber. A drum with an ISO 10844 road replica is used to obtain realistic tread pattern and road roughness excitations. The experimental setup and a dedicated signal processing technique are described here. To perform the source synthesis, data is combined with acoustic finite element models based on a deformed treaded tyre geometry, in order to take the acoustic resonances at the tyre/road interface into account. The synthesised monopoles are then used to run a numerical simulation including a vehicle in order to consider its influence on sound propagation. The results are then validated by comparing them with indoor measurements

Tyre/road noise modelling through equivalent monopoles: source strengths identification based on experimental acoustic transfer functions

At typical driving speeds, the primary source of vehicle exterior noise is the interaction between the tyre and the road. The introduction of tyre noise regulations has led to a growing interest in developing tyre designs that reduce the emitted noise. In this context, this paper presents an experimental approach to modelling tyre/road noise through equivalent monopole sources. The equivalent monopoles are synthesized from tyre rolling noise measurements conducted on a test rig equipped with a road replica in a semi-anechoic chamber. Additionally, acoustic transfer functions are evaluated using an omnidirectional acoustic source that allows an accurate representation of the test environment. The experimental setup and measurement procedure are described. The synthesized monopoles are used to evaluate the noise radiated by the rolling tyre at additional locations to validate the methodology. The approach is tested on four sets of tyres to assess its applicability to different tyre structures, sizes and tread patterns. Finally, the effectiveness of the equivalent source model in evaluating the relative noise levels of different tyre sets is determined by comparison with the experimental measurements

Victimización en Grupos de Riesgo - Inmigrantes, Personas con discapacidad y Trabajadoras del Sexo – Aplicación de las buenas prácticas de la Directiva 2012/29/UE del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo de la Unión Europea respecto a los Derechos de las Víctimas

El estudio busca analizar estrategias de prevención y propuestas de actuación victimológica en los siguientes colectivos de riesgo: inmigrantes, personas con discapacidad y trabajadoras del sexo. Serán presentadas algunas estrategias de afrontamiento que pueden ser utilizadas por los profesionales que trabajan con estos grupos y que minimizan los efectos de la victimización y previnen la llamada victimización secundaria y terciaria. Además, serán presentados los modelos teóricos y teorías criminológicas aplicables a los grupos de riesgo estudiados, tales como, la teoría de las actividades rutinarias, la teoría del estilo de vida, la teoría general de la tensión, la teoría del interaccionismo social y la respuesta frente al estrés y la teoría del estigma social, como un desmembramiento de la teoría del etiquetamiento, pues se trabaja con los estereotipos, los prejuicios y la discriminación. Por último, será hecha referencia a las buenas prácticas presentes en la Directiva 2012/29/UE de 25 de octubre de 2012 por la que se establecen normas mínimas sobre los derechos, el apoyo y la protección de las víctimas de delitos.

Effect of human immunodeficiency virus on blood-brain barrier integrity and function: an update

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a diffusion barrier that has an important role in maintaining a precisely regulated microenvironment protecting the neural tissue from infectious agents and toxins in the circulating system. Compromised BBB integrity plays a major role in the pathogenesis of retroviral associated neurological diseases. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection in the Central Nervous System (CNS) is an early event even before the serodiagnosis for HIV positivity or the initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART), resulting in neurological complications in many of the infected patients. Macrophages, microglia and astrocytes (in low levels) are the most productively/latently infected cell types within the CNS. In this brief review, we have discussed about the effect of HIV infection and viral proteins on the integrity and function of BBB, which may contribute to the progression of HIV associated neurocognitive disorders