Регулирование информационного взаимодействия государственных органов с гражданами и организациями Украины

The system of a uniform information support of authorities and local management units is the integral part of information society and "E-government" of Ukraine. Its main objective is to provide efficiency for collection of information, creation of information resources, access to the information of authorities and the citizens, rise of efficiency of accepted solutions, support of information interactions of authorities; rendering real services from the state authorities to its citizens. Creation of such a system calls for enforcement issues inside the state bodies of the defined functions, development projects to define the rules in using interaction with citizens, implementations of the methods of process concepts and analysis of economic and social information

Biotic interactions in microbial communities as modulators of biogeochemical processes : methanotrophy as a model system

Microbial interaction is an integral component of microbial ecology studies, yet the role, extent, and relevance of microbial interaction in community functioning remains unclear, particularly in the context of global biogeochemical cycles. While many studies have shed light on the physico-chemical cues affecting specific processes, (micro)biotic controls and interactions potentially steering microbial communities leading to altered functioning are less known. Yet, recent accumulating evidence suggests that the concerted actions of a community can be significantly different from the combined effects of individual microorganisms, giving rise to emergent properties. Here, we exemplify the importance of microbial interaction for ecosystem processes by analysis of a reasonably well-understood microbial guild, namely, aerobic methane-oxidizing bacteria (MOB). We reviewed the literature which provided compelling evidence for the relevance of microbial interaction in modulating methane oxidation. Support for microbial associations within methane-fed communities is sought by a re-analysis of literature data derived from stable isotope probing studies of various complex environmental settings. Putative positive interactions between active MOB and other microbes were assessed by a correlation network-based analysis with datasets covering diverse environments where closely interacting members of a consortium can potentially alter the methane oxidation activity. Although, methanotrophy is used as a model system, the fundamentals of our postulations may be applicable to other microbial guilds mediating other biogeochemical processes

Wind environment evaluation on major town of Malaysia

This study focus on wind flow or wind environment of residential areas in Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak. Natural wind flow is one of the most effective methods to help achieve the energy saving in large cities especially under the tropical climate like Malaysia. The weather in Malaysia is characterized by four monsoon regimes, namely, the southwest monsoon, northeast monsoon and two shorter periods of inter-monsoon seasons. For this study, the data of wind velocity in twentytwo (22) weather station in Malaysia obtained from Meteorological Department and considered in wind environment evaluations. Then that data of wind velocities will convert to 1.5 in height at all measuring points were calculated by using the law. The result compared by Table 2.2 in previous researches (Kubota and Miura et al., 2002). From the study, it was found out, in Malaysia there are only two type of wind. First type is weak wind means that area are discomfort thermal and the second type is comfort range to strong wind means that area are comfort thermal. The minimum value of mean wind speed from 2005 to 2009 is O.mis in mean temperature is over 2C at Sitiawan. For the maximum value of mean wind speed is I .7m/s in average value of mean temperature is 276C at Mersing. Base on results, it can be concluded that when considering wind flow at a residential area, terrace housing is not a suitable option for towns located on the south of the Peninsular. It was prefer for high-rise building because it was considered this location of towns was weak wind condition. On the other hand, the major towns exclude the south of the Peninsular including Sabah and Sarawak, they was under the comfort thermal. So, terrace housing or high-rise building is suitable option

Ammonia oxidation: Ecology, physiology, biochemistry and why they must all come together

Ammonia oxidation is a fundamental core process in the global biogeochemical nitrogen cycle. Oxidation of ammonia (NH3) to nitrite (NO2 −) is the first and rate-limiting step in nitrification and is carried out by distinct groups of microorganisms. Ammonia oxidation is essential for nutrient turnover in most terrestrial, aquatic and engineered ecosystems and plays a major role, both directly and indirectly, in greenhouse gas production and environmental damage. Although ammonia oxidation has been studied for over a century, this research field has been galvanised in the past decade by the surprising discoveries of novel ammonia oxidising microorganisms. This review reflects on the ammonia oxidation research to date and discusses the major gaps remaining in our knowledge of the biology of ammonia oxidation

Phylogenetic congruence and ecological coherence in terrestrial Thaumarchaeota

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. Acknowledgements We would like to thank Dr Robert Griffith/CEH for providing DNA from soil samples and Dr Anthony Travis for his help with BioLinux. Sequencing was performed in NERC platform in Liverpool. CG-R was funded by a NERC fellowship NE/J019151/1. CQ was funded by a MRC fellowship (MR/M50161X/1) as part of the cloud infrastructure for microbial genomics consortium (MR/L015080/1).Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Archaeal ammonia oxidation in volcanic grassland soils of Iceland. Effects of elevated temperature and N availability on processes and organisms

Thaumarchaea are recognized today as the most abundant and ubiquitously dis­tributed archaeal organisms, especially in the oceans and soil. Their phylogenetic placement as a phylum, the capability of all cultivated Thaumarchaea to oxidize ammonia for energy conservation as well as many further aspects concerning their ecology, physiology and evolution are discoveries of the last decade only. Still, conceptual knowledge on the role of Thaumarchaea in soil ammonia oxida­tion is lacking and their ecological significance in soils is poorly understood. The work presented in this thesis is concerned with archaeal ammonia-oxidizing communities in volcanic grassland soil in Grændalur, Iceland. The study site was chosen as it is remote enough from continental Europe to experience very little atmospheric N deposi­tion and because it contains grassland soils with different in situ temperatures as a result of geothermal heating. Several lines of evidence were gathered that Thaumarchaea are most likely of primary importance for ammonia oxidation in Grændalur, while ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) are present in numbers below the detection limit of conventional PCR (chapter 2, 4 and 5). Supposedly, this finding resembles a high ecological importance of AOA in terrestrial environments with low ammonia availability (chapter 4). Thaumarchaea could be stimulated in growth and activ­ity by N deposition in the form of ammonium, but only in low and medium concentrations of ~ 45 - 150 μg NH4+ - N per ∙ g dry soil-1. AOB however, were only responsive to medium and higher applications of ammonium (chapter 4). Through microcosm incubations it was identified that gross nitrification (i.e. the two step process by which ammonia is converted to nitrate with nitrite as intermedi­ary product) is functionally coupled to gross N mineralization in soils of Grændalur (chapter 3). By exposing the soils to short-term temperature changes however, this coupling of gross nitrification and gross N mineralization was lost and nitrifiers performed less well. This finding led to the conclusion that the nitrifying communities in Grændalur’s soils are adapted to function best at the temperature they experience in situ (chapter 3). In a stable-isotope labeling experiment with soil from Grændalur evidence for autotrophic growth of Nitrosopumilus-like Thaumarchaea, likely coupled to am­monia oxidation, was collected (chapter 5). Additionally, the results strongly sug­gested a syntrophic association between the autotrophically growing Thaumar­chaea and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) of the Nitrospira sublineages I and II. The work of chapter 5 furthermore showed that the autotrophically active nitrifiers in this soil (i.e. Thaumarchaea and Nitrospira-like NOB) are stimulated by application of inorganic N in form of ammonium, but suppressed by the pres­ence of active methane-oxidizing bacteria (MOB). Likely, this negative interac­tion is a result of competition for common resources like inorganic N and oxygen. Intriguingly, growth of the total Thaumarchaeal community did not seize under conditions of suppressed net nitrification and autotrophic growth. In addition, the Thaumarchaeal community structure did not change. The data collected in this thesis therefore sug­gests that at least some Thaumarchaea possess the metabolic plasticity to choose for an energetically more advantageous mode of growth than lithoautotrophy by growing mixotrophically, possibly in association with mineralizers (chapters 3 and 5)

Archaeal ammonia oxidation in volcanic grassland soils of Iceland. Effects of elevated temperature and N availability on processes and organisms

Thaumarchaea are recognized today as the most abundant and ubiquitously dis­tributed archaeal organisms, especially in the oceans and soil. Their phylogenetic placement as a phylum, the capability of all cultivated Thaumarchaea to oxidize ammonia for energy conservation as well as many further aspects concerning their ecology, physiology and evolution are discoveries of the last decade only. Still, conceptual knowledge on the role of Thaumarchaea in soil ammonia oxida­tion is lacking and their ecological significance in soils is poorly understood. The work presented in this thesis is concerned with archaeal ammonia-oxidizing communities in volcanic grassland soil in Grændalur, Iceland. The study site was chosen as it is remote enough from continental Europe to experience very little atmospheric N deposi­tion and because it contains grassland soils with different in situ temperatures as a result of geothermal heating. Several lines of evidence were gathered that Thaumarchaea are most likely of primary importance for ammonia oxidation in Grændalur, while ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) are present in numbers below the detection limit of conventional PCR (chapter 2, 4 and 5). Supposedly, this finding resembles a high ecological importance of AOA in terrestrial environments with low ammonia availability (chapter 4). Thaumarchaea could be stimulated in growth and activ­ity by N deposition in the form of ammonium, but only in low and medium concentrations of ~ 45 - 150 μg NH4+ - N per ∙ g dry soil-1. AOB however, were only responsive to medium and higher applications of ammonium (chapter 4). Through microcosm incubations it was identified that gross nitrification (i.e. the two step process by which ammonia is converted to nitrate with nitrite as intermedi­ary product) is functionally coupled to gross N mineralization in soils of Grændalur (chapter 3). By exposing the soils to short-term temperature changes however, this coupling of gross nitrification and gross N mineralization was lost and nitrifiers performed less well. This finding led to the conclusion that the nitrifying communities in Grændalur’s soils are adapted to function best at the temperature they experience in situ (chapter 3). In a stable-isotope labeling experiment with soil from Grændalur evidence for autotrophic growth of Nitrosopumilus-like Thaumarchaea, likely coupled to am­monia oxidation, was collected (chapter 5). Additionally, the results strongly sug­gested a syntrophic association between the autotrophically growing Thaumar­chaea and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) of the Nitrospira sublineages I and II. The work of chapter 5 furthermore showed that the autotrophically active nitrifiers in this soil (i.e. Thaumarchaea and Nitrospira-like NOB) are stimulated by application of inorganic N in form of ammonium, but suppressed by the pres­ence of active methane-oxidizing bacteria (MOB). Likely, this negative interac­tion is a result of competition for common resources like inorganic N and oxygen. Intriguingly, growth of the total Thaumarchaeal community did not seize under conditions of suppressed net nitrification and autotrophic growth. In addition, the Thaumarchaeal community structure did not change. The data collected in this thesis therefore sug­gests that at least some Thaumarchaea possess the metabolic plasticity to choose for an energetically more advantageous mode of growth than lithoautotrophy by growing mixotrophically, possibly in association with mineralizers (chapters 3 and 5)

Methyl fluoride affects methanogenesis rather than community composition of methanogenic archaea in a rice field soil

The metabolic pathways of methane formation vary with environmental conditions, but whether this can also be linked to changes in the active archaeal community structure remains uncertain. Here, we show that the suppression of aceticlastic methanogenesis by methyl fluoride (CH3F) caused surprisingly little differences in community composition of active methanogenic archaea from a rice field soil. By measuring the natural abundances of carbon isotopes we found that the effective dose for a 90% inhibition of aceticlastic methanogenesis in anoxic paddy soil incubations was <0.75% CH3F (v/v). The construction of clone libraries as well as t-RFLP analysis revealed that the active community, as indicated by mcrA transcripts (encoding the α subunit of methyl-coenzyme M reductase, a key enzyme for methanogenesis), remained stable over a wide range of CH3F concentrations and represented only a subset of the methanogenic community. More precisely, Methanocellaceae were of minor importance, but Methanosarcinaceae dominated the active population, even when CH3F inhibition only allowed for aceticlastic methanogenesis. In addition, we detected mcrA gene fragments of a so far unrecognised phylogenetic cluster. Transcription of this phylotype at methyl fluoride concentrations suppressing aceticlastic methanogenesis suggests that the respective organisms perform hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis. Hence, the application of CH3F combined with transcript analysis is not only a useful tool to measure and assign in situ acetate usage, but also to explore substrate usage by as yet uncultivated methanogens