Landslides, river incision and environmental change : the Ruzizi gorge in the Kivu Rift

The understanding of the interplay between natural and human induced factors in the occurrence of landslides remains poorly constrained in many regions, especially in tropical Africa where data-scarcity is high. In these regions where population growth is significant and causes changes in land use/cover, the need for a sustainable management of the land is on the rise. Here, we aim to unravel the occurrence of landslides in the 40 km-long Ruzizi gorge, a rapidly incising bedrock river in the Kivu Rift in Africa that has seen its landscape disturbed over the last decades by the development of the city of Bukavu (DR Congo). Careful field observations, historical aerial photographs, satellite imagery and archive analysis are combined to produce a multi-temporal inventory of 264 landslides. We show that the lithological context of the gorge and its extremely high incision rate (> 20 mm year-1) during the Holocene explains the presence of a concentration of large landslides (up to 2 km²) of undetermined age (well before the first observations of 1959) whose occurrence is purely natural. They are mostly of the slide type and do not show morphologic patterns of recent activity. The landslides that occurred during the last 60 years are flow-like shallower slope failures of smaller size (up to 0.12 km²) and tend to disappear rather quickly (sometimes within a few years) from the landscape as a result of rapid vegetation growth, land reclamation and (human-induced) soil erosion. They are primarily related to threshold slopes and precipitation plays a frequent role in their onset. However, land use/cover changes also affect their occurrence. This study provides useful information for a more accurate evaluation of the landslide hazard in the area, particularly with respect to the growth of the city of Bukavu that has developed without the consideration of naturally instable slopes. It also stresses the need and added value of building accurate landslide inventories in data-scarce regions

CD154 Induces Interleukin-6 Secretion by Kidney Tubular Epithelial Cells under Hypoxic Conditions: Inhibition by Chloroquine

Funder: MSDAvenirInflammation is a major contributor to tubular epithelium injury in kidney disorders, and the involvement of blood platelets in driving inflammation is increasingly stressed. CD154, the ligand of CD40, is one of the mediators supporting platelet proinflammatory properties. Although hypoxia is an essential constituent of the inflammatory reaction, if and how platelets and CD154 regulate inflammation in hypoxic conditions remain unclear. Here, we studied the control by CD154 of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin- (IL-) 6 secretion in short-term oxygen (O2) deprivation conditions, using the HK-2 cell line as a kidney tubular epithelial cell (TEC) model. IL-6 secretion was markedly stimulated by CD154 after 1 to 3 hours of hypoxic stress. Both intracellular IL-6 expression and secretion were stimulated by CD154 and associated with a strong upregulation of IL-6 mRNA and increased transcription. Searching for inhibitors of CD154-mediated IL-6 production by HK-2 cells in hypoxic conditions, we observed that chloroquine, a drug that has been repurposed as an anti-inflammatory agent, alleviated this induction. Therefore, CD154 is a potent early stimulus for IL-6 secretion by TECs in O2 deprivation conditions, a mechanism likely to take part in the deleterious inflammatory consequences of platelet activation in kidney tubular injury. The inhibition of CD154-induced IL-6 production by chloroquine suggests the potential usefulness of this drug as a therapeutic adjunct in conditions associated with acute kidney injury

High mean arterial pressure target to improve sepsis-associated acute kidney injury in patients with prior hypertension: a feasibility study

Background : The optimal mean arterial pressure (MAP) in cases of septic shock is still a matter of debate in patients with prior hypertension. An MAP between 75 and 85 mmHg can improve glomerular filtration rate (GFR) but its effect on tubular function is unknown. We assessed the effects of high MAP level on glomerular and tubular renal function in two intensive care units of a teaching hospital. Inclusion criteria were patients with a history of chronic hypertension and developing AKI in the first 24 h of septic shock. Data were collected during two 6 h periods of MAP regimen administered consecutively after haemodynamic stabilisation in an order depending on the patient's admission unit: a high-target period (80–85 mmHg) and a low-target period (65–70 mmHg). The primary endpoint was the creatinine clearance (CrCl) calculated from urine and serum samples at the end of each MAP period by the UV/P formula. Results : 26 patients were included. Higher urine output (+0.2 (95%:0, 0.4) mL/kg/h; P = 0.04), urine sodium (+6 (95% CI 0.2, 13) mmol/L; P = 0.04) and lower serum creatinine (− 10 (95% CI − 17, − 3) µmol/L; P = 0.03) were observed during the high-MAP period as compared to the low-MAP period, resulting in a higher CrCl (+25 (95% CI 11, 39) mL/mn; P = 0.002). The urine creatinine, urine–plasma creatinine ratio, urine osmolality, fractional excretion of sodium and urea showed no significant variation. The KDIGO stage at inclusion only interacted with serum creatinine variation and low level of sodium excretion at inclusion did not interact with these results. Conclusions : In the early stage of sepsis-associated AKI, a high-MAP target in patients with a history of hypertension was associated with a higher CrCl, but did not affect the kidneys' ability to concentrate urine, which may reflect no effect on tubular function

Characterization of acute kidney injury in critically ill patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019

Abstract Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated acute kidney injury (AKI) frequency, severity and characterization in critically ill patients has not been reported. Methods Single-centre cohort performed from 3 March 2020 to 14 April 2020 in four intensive care units in Bordeaux University Hospital, France. All patients with COVID-19 and pulmonary severity criteria were included. AKI was defined using Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria. A systematic urinary analysis was performed. The incidence, severity, clinical presentation, biological characterization (transient versus persistent AKI; proteinuria, haematuria and glycosuria) and short-term outcomes were evaluated. Results Seventy-one patients were included, with basal serum creatinine (SCr) of 69 ± 21 µmol/L. At admission, AKI was present in 8/71 (11%) patients. Median [interquartile range (IQR)] follow-up was 17 (12–23) days. AKI developed in a total of 57/71 (80%) patients, with 35% Stage 1, 35% Stage 2 and 30% Stage 3 AKI; 10/57 (18%) required renal replacement therapy (RRT). Transient AKI was present in only 4/55 (7%) patients and persistent AKI was observed in 51/55 (93%). Patients with persistent AKI developed a median (IQR) urine protein/creatinine of 82 (54–140) (mg/mmol) with an albuminuria/proteinuria ratio of 0.23 ± 20, indicating predominant tubulointerstitial injury. Only two (4%) patients had glycosuria. At Day 7 after onset of AKI, six (11%) patients remained dependent on RRT, nine (16%) had SCr >200 µmol/L and four (7%) had died. Day 7 and Day 14 renal recovery occurred in 28% and 52%, respectively. Conclusion Severe COVID-19-associated AKI is frequent, persistent, severe and characterized by an almost exclusive tubulointerstitial injury without glycosuria

The Boundary Element Method in Acoustics: A Survey

The boundary element method (BEM) in the context of acoustics or Helmholtz problems is reviewed. The basis of the BEM is initially developed for Laplace’s equation. The boundary integral equation formulations for the standard interior and exterior acoustic problems are stated and the boundary element methods are derived through collocation. It is shown how interior modal analysis can be carried out via the boundary element method. Further extensions in the BEM in acoustics are also reviewed, including half-space problems and modelling the acoustic field surrounding thin screens. Current research in linking the boundary element method to other methods in order to solve coupled vibro-acoustic and aero-acoustic problems and methods for solving inverse problems via the BEM are surveyed. Applications of the BEM in each area of acoustics are referenced. The computational complexity of the problem is considered and methods for improving its general efficiency are reviewed. The significant maintenance issues of the standard exterior acoustic solution are considered, in particular the weighting parameter in combined formulations such as Burton and Miller’s equation. The commonality of the integral operators across formulations and hence the potential for development of a software library approach is emphasised

Platelets and acute kidney injury : role of the CD154/CD40 dyad in the generation of tubular lesions

L’insuffisance rénale aiguë (IRA) est une pathologie fréquente en réanimation. Elle est associée à une mortalité et une morbidité importante. Le sepsis en est la cause la plus fréquente. La compréhension de la physiopathologie du sepsis et de ses complications a beaucoup progressé ces dernières années mais ne s’est pas encore traduite par des avancées thérapeutiques significatives en pratique clinique. Le paradigme d’une altération de la perfusion sanguine comme paramètre clé de la constitution des lésions rénales a ainsi été remis en question, plusieurs travaux révélant que le débit sanguin rénal n’est pas toujours altéré en cas de sepsis, et qu’une IRA peut se développer en cas de débit sanguin rénal préservé, voire augmenté. Le sepsis est caractérisé par de profondes perturbations de la réponse immunitaire et une réaction inflammatoire disproportionnée. A l’origine de l’atteinte rénale, l’inflammation et les altérations de la microcirculation sont maintenant considérés comme des mécanismes physiopathologiques fondamentaux. Au-delà de leur rôle dans l’hémostase, la contribution des plaquettes sanguines à la réponse inflammatoire, au maintien de l’intégrité tissulaire et à la défense contre les infections a considérablement élargi le spectre de leurs compétences et en a fait des acteurs physiopathologiques potentiels dans le sepsis. Les plaquettes sanguines exercent la plupart de ces fonctions grâce à l’expression de nombreux médiateurs membranaires ou solubles. Parmi eux, le CD154 tient une place particulière : les plaquettes sont une source essentielle de CD154 dans l’organisme et il joue un rôle central dans la réponse inflammatoire. Nous proposons dans ce travail un aperçu de ces avancées physiopathologiques récentes et nous discutons de la contribution des plaquettes et du CD154 dans les atteintes microcirculatoires et les défaillances multi-viscérales dans le sepsis. Nous nous sommes intéressés au rôle pro-inflammatoire du CD154 en conditions d’hypoxie au niveau de l’épithélium tubulaire rénal. Des données récentes soulignent en effet l’importance de l’hypoxie dans la réaction inflammatoire. Le contrôle de la production d’interleukine (IL)-6, une cytokine centrale de la réponse inflammatoire, par le CD154 a été étudié dans un modèle de culture de cellules épithéliales tubulaires (CET) rénales. Un modèle murin d’IRA par ischémie/reperfusion rénale a également été mis au point et appliqué à des souris déficientes en CD154 et CD40. Nos travaux révèlent que le CD154 induit fortement la sécrétion d’IL-6 par les CET en conditions d’hypoxie et que les souris déficientes en CD154 régénèrent plus rapidement leur épithélium tubulaire après ischémie/reperfusion rénale. Ces résultats pourraient ouvrir la voie à de potentielles pistes thérapeutiques pour la prise en charge des IRA d’origine septique.Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication in critically ill patients and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Sepsis is the most common cause of AKI. The understanding of sepsis pathophysiology and its complications has progressed significantly in recent years but has not yet been translated into significant therapeutic advances in clinical practice. The traditional paradigm that sepsis-induced AKI is linked to renal hypoperfusion has been challenged by recent evidences showing that renal blood flow is not universally impaired during sepsis,and that AKI can develop in the presence of normal or even increased renal bloodflow. Sepsis is characterized by profound alterations of the immune response and adisproportionate inflammatory response. Inflammation and microcirculatorydysfunction are now considered as fundamental pathophysiological mechanisms atthe origin of renal injuries. Beyond haemostasis, the contribution of platelets ininflammation, tissue integrity and defence against infections has considerablywidened the spectrum of their role and made them potential physiopathologicalactors in sepsis. Platelets fulfil most of these functions through the expression ofmembrane-bound or soluble mediators. Among them, CD154 holds a peculiarposition, as platelets represent a major source of CD154 and as CD154 is a centralregulator of inflammation. Here, we provide an overview of these recentpathophysiological advances and discuss the platelets and CD154 contribution tomicrocirculatory alterations in multi-organ dysfunction in sepsis. We investigated thepro-inflammatory role of CD154 under hypoxic conditions in the renal tubularepithelium as recent data highlight the importance of hypoxia in the inflammatoryreaction. We studied the control of interleukin (IL)-6 production, a key cytokineinvolved in inflammation, by CD154 in oxygen deprivation conditions using a kidneytubular epithelial (TEC) cell line model. We also studied a murine model of kidneyinjury after ischemia/reperfusion, a model that was applied in CD154 and CD40deficient mice. We found that CD154 is a potent inducer of IL-6 secretion by TEC inhypoxia and that CD154-deficient mice regenerate earlier the tubular epithelium afterischemia/reperfusion injury. These findings may provide potential avenues for septicAKI management and therapy

Plaquettes sanguines et insuffisance rénale aiguë : rôle du couple CD154/CD40 dans la constitution des lésions tubulaires

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication in critically ill patients and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Sepsis is the most common cause of AKI. The understanding of sepsis pathophysiology and its complications has progressed significantly in recent years but has not yet been translated into significant therapeutic advances in clinical practice. The traditional paradigm that sepsis-induced AKI is linked to renal hypoperfusion has been challenged by recent evidences showing that renal blood flow is not universally impaired during sepsis,and that AKI can develop in the presence of normal or even increased renal bloodflow. Sepsis is characterized by profound alterations of the immune response and adisproportionate inflammatory response. Inflammation and microcirculatorydysfunction are now considered as fundamental pathophysiological mechanisms atthe origin of renal injuries. Beyond haemostasis, the contribution of platelets ininflammation, tissue integrity and defence against infections has considerablywidened the spectrum of their role and made them potential physiopathologicalactors in sepsis. Platelets fulfil most of these functions through the expression ofmembrane-bound or soluble mediators. Among them, CD154 holds a peculiarposition, as platelets represent a major source of CD154 and as CD154 is a centralregulator of inflammation. Here, we provide an overview of these recentpathophysiological advances and discuss the platelets and CD154 contribution tomicrocirculatory alterations in multi-organ dysfunction in sepsis. We investigated thepro-inflammatory role of CD154 under hypoxic conditions in the renal tubularepithelium as recent data highlight the importance of hypoxia in the inflammatoryreaction. We studied the control of interleukin (IL)-6 production, a key cytokineinvolved in inflammation, by CD154 in oxygen deprivation conditions using a kidneytubular epithelial (TEC) cell line model. We also studied a murine model of kidneyinjury after ischemia/reperfusion, a model that was applied in CD154 and CD40deficient mice. We found that CD154 is a potent inducer of IL-6 secretion by TEC inhypoxia and that CD154-deficient mice regenerate earlier the tubular epithelium afterischemia/reperfusion injury. These findings may provide potential avenues for septicAKI management and therapy.L’insuffisance rénale aiguë (IRA) est une pathologie fréquente en réanimation. Elle est associée à une mortalité et une morbidité importante. Le sepsis en est la cause la plus fréquente. La compréhension de la physiopathologie du sepsis et de ses complications a beaucoup progressé ces dernières années mais ne s’est pas encore traduite par des avancées thérapeutiques significatives en pratique clinique. Le paradigme d’une altération de la perfusion sanguine comme paramètre clé de la constitution des lésions rénales a ainsi été remis en question, plusieurs travaux révélant que le débit sanguin rénal n’est pas toujours altéré en cas de sepsis, et qu’une IRA peut se développer en cas de débit sanguin rénal préservé, voire augmenté. Le sepsis est caractérisé par de profondes perturbations de la réponse immunitaire et une réaction inflammatoire disproportionnée. A l’origine de l’atteinte rénale, l’inflammation et les altérations de la microcirculation sont maintenant considérés comme des mécanismes physiopathologiques fondamentaux. Au-delà de leur rôle dans l’hémostase, la contribution des plaquettes sanguines à la réponse inflammatoire, au maintien de l’intégrité tissulaire et à la défense contre les infections a considérablement élargi le spectre de leurs compétences et en a fait des acteurs physiopathologiques potentiels dans le sepsis. Les plaquettes sanguines exercent la plupart de ces fonctions grâce à l’expression de nombreux médiateurs membranaires ou solubles. Parmi eux, le CD154 tient une place particulière : les plaquettes sont une source essentielle de CD154 dans l’organisme et il joue un rôle central dans la réponse inflammatoire. Nous proposons dans ce travail un aperçu de ces avancées physiopathologiques récentes et nous discutons de la contribution des plaquettes et du CD154 dans les atteintes microcirculatoires et les défaillances multi-viscérales dans le sepsis. Nous nous sommes intéressés au rôle pro-inflammatoire du CD154 en conditions d’hypoxie au niveau de l’épithélium tubulaire rénal. Des données récentes soulignent en effet l’importance de l’hypoxie dans la réaction inflammatoire. Le contrôle de la production d’interleukine (IL)-6, une cytokine centrale de la réponse inflammatoire, par le CD154 a été étudié dans un modèle de culture de cellules épithéliales tubulaires (CET) rénales. Un modèle murin d’IRA par ischémie/reperfusion rénale a également été mis au point et appliqué à des souris déficientes en CD154 et CD40. Nos travaux révèlent que le CD154 induit fortement la sécrétion d’IL-6 par les CET en conditions d’hypoxie et que les souris déficientes en CD154 régénèrent plus rapidement leur épithélium tubulaire après ischémie/reperfusion rénale. Ces résultats pourraient ouvrir la voie à de potentielles pistes thérapeutiques pour la prise en charge des IRA d’origine septique