Reviewing the use of resilience concepts in forest sciences

Purpose of the review Resilience is a key concept to deal with an uncertain future in forestry. In recent years, it has received increasing attention from both research and practice. However, a common understanding of what resilience means in a forestry context, and how to operationalise it is lacking. Here, we conducted a systematic review of the recent forest science literature on resilience in the forestry context, synthesising how resilience is defined and assessed. Recent findings Based on a detailed review of 255 studies, we analysed how the concepts of engineering resilience, ecological resilience, and social-ecological resilience are used in forest sciences. A clear majority of the studies applied the concept of engineering resilience, quantifying resilience as the recovery time after a disturbance. The two most used indicators for engineering resilience were basal area increment and vegetation cover, whereas ecological resilience studies frequently focus on vegetation cover and tree density. In contrast, important social-ecological resilience indicators used in the literature are socio-economic diversity and stock of natural resources. In the context of global change, we expected an increase in studies adopting the more holistic social-ecological resilience concept, but this was not the observed trend. Summary Our analysis points to the nestedness of these three resilience concepts, suggesting that they are complementary rather than contradictory. It also means that the variety of resilience approaches does not need to be an obstacle for operationalisation of the concept. We provide guidance for choosing the most suitable resilience concept and indicators based on the management, disturbance and application context

Motivação competitiva de "squashistas" juvenis federados

A Motivação Competitiva (MC) é uma característica de personalidade fundamental no contexto dos esportes. Recentemente foi proposto um modelo de avaliação da MC chamado Modelo Tridimensional de Avaliação da Motivação Competitiva (MTAMC). Esse modelo supõe que a MC possui três orientações competitivas distintas: Orientação à Vitória (OV), Orientação à Performance (OP) e Orientação ao Status (OS). O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi explorar e comparar o perfil motivacional competitivo de 35 "squashistas" juvenis federados, de ambos os sexos e com idades entre 13 e 18 anos. Para tanto, essa amostra respondeu a Escala Balbinotti de Motivos à Competividade no Esporte (EBMCE-18). Os dois principais resultados foram: 1) as orientações foram OP, OV e OS, nessa ordem, sendo que OP e OV é o único dos três pares analisados que não se diferencia estatisticamente; 2) a variável sexo não influenciou a intensidade das respostas em qualquer das três orientações testadas. Novos estudos devem explorar se na diferença não significativa encontrada entre OP e OV houve a influência do tamanho da amostra