Deficiências minerais em bovinos de Roraima, Brasil. V. Cobre e molibdênio.

Foi feito um levantamento das deficiencias minerais de bovinos de corte em seis regioes do nordeste do Territorio Federal de Roraima, tendo sido amostrados solo, forrageira e tecido animal (figado) durante as epocas seca e chuvosa. Os niveis medios de Mo no solo variaram de 0,01 ppm a 0,50 ppm, sendo estas concentracoes insuficientes a nutricao de certas plantas. Os teores de Cu e Mo nas forrageiras variaram de 1,5 ppm a 3,6 ppm e de 0,51 ppm a 0,54 ppm, respectivamente. As concentracoes de Cu nas forrageiras estavam abaixo do minimo recomendado para bovinos, enquanto o Mo apresentou niveis adequados. Os teores de Cu nas forrageiras variaram de 1,33 ppm a 4,63 ppm na epoca seca e de 1,56 ppm a 2,57 ppm na epoca chuvosa. Os niveis medios de Cu no figado no figado variaram de 120 ppm a 271 ppm e os de Mo de 1,58 ppm a 3,33 ppm, sendo considerados adequados para bovinos.Título em inglês: Mineral deficiency in cattle in Roraima, Brazil. V. Cooper and molybdenum

A PRÁTICA DA PESQUISA NA FORMAÇÃO DOCENTE: CONCEPÇÕES DE PROFESSORES DE LICENCIATURA EM MATEMÁTICA DE UMA UNIVERSIDADE NO CONTEXTO DA AMAZÔNIA BRASILEIRA

This article is presented with the purpose of highlight some reflections on the reality of research practice in training initial teacher of Mathematics. Having such problem, investigate and analyze the conceptions of teachers-trainers on the practice of research in Mathematics degree, the research presented by this paper was based methodological on approach qualitative of character interpretative, basing on the use of a questionnaire as a tool for data collection, applied at each of the participating teachers of research, allowing obtain information about their conceptions about the practice of research in training teacher of Mathematics. The subjects of research consisted of six teachers-trainers of the course of degree in Mathematics of University Federal of Rondônia (UNIR), Campus of Ji-Paraná. In response to the problem of present research, it can be concluded that the surveyed teachers understand the meaning of research, relating primarily to the scientific research. These teachers also emphasize the importance of research practice to the personal and professional formation of the undergraduates in mathematics and it is possible to teach mathematics through research. In more, also demonstrate recognize the responsibility of the University forward the context of academic and scientific research, and that despite the difficulties to promote and actualize the practice of research in the scope university, have struggled in the sense that their researches will contribute to their teaching activities and professional qualification and consequently to the formation of undergraduates in Mathematics.Este artigo se apresenta com o propósito de evidenciar algumas reflexões sobre a realidade da prática da pesquisa na formação inicial de professores de Matemática. Tendo como problemática, investigar e analisar quais as concepções de professores-formadores sobre a prática da pesquisa na Licenciatura em Matemática, a pesquisa apresentada através desse artigo fundamentou-se metodologicamente na abordagem qualitativa de caráter interpretativo, embasando-se na utilização de um questionário como instrumento de coleta de dados, aplicado junto a cada um dos professores participantes da investigação, permitindo obter informações sobre as suas concepções a respeito da prática da pesquisa na formação de professores de Matemática. Os sujeitos da pesquisa constituíram-se de seis professores-formadores do curso de Licenciatura em Matemática da Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Campus de Ji-Paraná. Em resposta à problemática da presente investigação, pode-se concluir que os professores pesquisados compreendem o significado de pesquisa, relacionando-a principalmente à investigação científica. Esses professores destacam ainda a importância da prática da pesquisa para a formação pessoal e profissional dos licenciandos em Matemática e que é possível ensinar Matemática através da pesquisa. No mais, também demonstram reconhecer a responsabilidade da Universidade frente o contexto da pesquisa acadêmico-científica, e que apesar das dificuldades de se promover e efetivar a prática da pesquisa no âmbito universitário, têm se esforçado no sentido de que suas pesquisas contribuam para suas atividades docentes e qualificação profissional e consequentemente para a formação dos licenciandos em Matemática

A PRÁTICA DA PESQUISA NA FORMAÇÃO DOCENTE: CONCEPÇÕES DE PROFESSORES DE LICENCIATURA EM MATEMÁTICA DE UMA UNIVERSIDADE NO CONTEXTO DA AMAZÔNIA BRASILEIRA

This article is presented with the purpose of highlight some reflections on the reality of research practice in training initial teacher of Mathematics. Having such problem, investigate and analyze the conceptions of teachers-trainers on the practice of research in Mathematics degree, the research presented by this paper was based methodological on approach qualitative of character interpretative, basing on the use of a questionnaire as a tool for data collection, applied at each of the participating teachers of research, allowing obtain information about their conceptions about the practice of research in training teacher of Mathematics. The subjects of research consisted of six teachers-trainers of the course of degree in Mathematics of University Federal of Rondônia (UNIR), Campus of Ji-Paraná. In response to the problem of present research, it can be concluded that the surveyed teachers understand the meaning of research, relating primarily to the scientific research. These teachers also emphasize the importance of research practice to the personal and professional formation of the undergraduates in mathematics and it is possible to teach mathematics through research. In more, also demonstrate recognize the responsibility of the University forward the context of academic and scientific research, and that despite the difficulties to promote and actualize the practice of research in the scope university, have struggled in the sense that their researches will contribute to their teaching activities and professional qualification and consequently to the formation of undergraduates in Mathematics.Este artigo se apresenta com o propósito de evidenciar algumas reflexões sobre a realidade da prática da pesquisa na formação inicial de professores de Matemática. Tendo como problemática, investigar e analisar quais as concepções de professores-formadores sobre a prática da pesquisa na Licenciatura em Matemática, a pesquisa apresentada através desse artigo fundamentou-se metodologicamente na abordagem qualitativa de caráter interpretativo, embasando-se na utilização de um questionário como instrumento de coleta de dados, aplicado junto a cada um dos professores participantes da investigação, permitindo obter informações sobre as suas concepções a respeito da prática da pesquisa na formação de professores de Matemática. Os sujeitos da pesquisa constituíram-se de seis professores-formadores do curso de Licenciatura em Matemática da Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Campus de Ji-Paraná. Em resposta à problemática da presente investigação, pode-se concluir que os professores pesquisados compreendem o significado de pesquisa, relacionando-a principalmente à investigação científica. Esses professores destacam ainda a importância da prática da pesquisa para a formação pessoal e profissional dos licenciandos em Matemática e que é possível ensinar Matemática através da pesquisa. No mais, também demonstram reconhecer a responsabilidade da Universidade frente o contexto da pesquisa acadêmico-científica, e que apesar das dificuldades de se promover e efetivar a prática da pesquisa no âmbito universitário, têm se esforçado no sentido de que suas pesquisas contribuam para suas atividades docentes e qualificação profissional e consequentemente para a formação dos licenciandos em Matemática

Mineral deficiency in cattle of Roraima, Brazil. III. Calcium and phosphorus

Foi realizado um estudo das deficiências minerais em bovinos de seis regiões localizadas na parte nordeste do Território Federal de Roraima, tendo sido amostrados os solos, as forrageiras e tecido animal (sangue e osso) nas épocas seca e chuvosa. Foi  encontrada deficiência de Ca no solo e nas forrageiras em cinco regiões. Os níveis de Ca plasmáticos foram normais em todas as seis regiões estudadas, em ambas as épocas do ano e nas duas categorias de animais estudadas (vaca em lactação e bovinos jovens de 1 a 2 anos). As percentagens de cinza no osso da costela das vacas foram baixas em quatro regiões. Os teores de Ca na cinza óssea das vacas apresentaram-se próximos ao limite da deficiência em três regiões (35,7%, 36,4% e 36,5%) e  deficientes nas outras (30,6% 31,6% e 33,4%). Os bovinos jovens apresentaram percentuais de cinza óssea considerados deficientes em todas as regiões. Os teores de P nos solos foram baixos, variando de 2,1 ppm a 4,3 ppm entre as regiões. Os níveis de P nas forrageiras foram deficientes em cinco regiões. Os níveis de P plasmáticos foram baixos em praticamente todas as regiões; apenas em duas poderiam ser considerados normais nos bovinos jovens. Os teores de P na cinza óssea dos animais foram deficientes, variando de 9,9% a 14,2% nas vacas em lactação e de 9,2% a 12,7% nos bovinos jovens, sendo, em ambas as categorias, menores durante a época chuvosa.A study about mineral deficiency in cattie was conducted in six regions of northeast Roraima federal territory, Brazil, by examining soil, forage and animal tissue (blood and bane) during the dry and wet seasons. The levels of Ca in soil and forage were deficient in five regions. Plasma Ca was normal in (lactation cows and yearlings) all the six regions for the two seasons. Bane ash percentage of cows was low in four regions. Cows were slightly deficient in bane ash Ca in three regions (35.7%, 36.4% and 36.5%) and deficient in the other three (30.6%, 31.6% and 33.4%). Bane ash percentage in yearlings was deficient in all six regions. Soil P levels ranged from 2.1 ppm to 4.3 ppm among the regions. Forage P levels were deficient in five regions. Plasma P levels were low in almost all regions, but in two, they were normal for the yearlings. Bone ash P levels were deficient and ranged from 9.9% to 14.2% in the cows and 9.2% to 12.7% in yearlings. In both cows and yearlings, P was lower during the wet season

The Spatial Heterogeneity between Japanese Encephalitis Incidence Distribution and Environmental Variables in Nepal

To identify potential environmental drivers of Japanese Encephalitis virus (JE) transmission in Nepal, we conducted an ecological study to determine the spatial association between 2005 Nepal JE incidence, and climate, agricultural, and land-cover variables at district level.District-level data on JE cases were examined using Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA) analysis to identify spatial clusters from 2004 to 2008 and 2005 data was used to fit a spatial lag regression model with climate, agriculture and land-cover variables.Prior to 2006, there was a single large cluster of JE cases located in the Far-West and Mid-West terai regions of Nepal. After 2005, the distribution of JE cases in Nepal shifted with clusters found in the central hill areas. JE incidence during the 2005 epidemic had a stronger association with May mean monthly temperature and April mean monthly total precipitation compared to mean annual temperature and precipitation. A parsimonious spatial lag regression model revealed, 1) a significant negative relationship between JE incidence and April precipitation, 2) a significant positive relationship between JE incidence and percentage of irrigated land 3) a non-significant negative relationship between JE incidence and percentage of grassland cover, and 4) a unimodal non-significant relationship between JE Incidence and pig-to-human ratio.JE cases clustered in the terai prior to 2006 where it seemed to shift to the Kathmandu region in subsequent years. The spatial pattern of JE cases during the 2005 epidemic in Nepal was significantly associated with low precipitation and the percentage of irrigated land. Despite the availability of an effective vaccine, it is still important to understand environmental drivers of JEV transmission since the enzootic cycle of JEV transmission is not likely to be totally interrupted. Understanding the spatial dynamics of JE risk factors may be useful in providing important information to the Nepal immunization program

Host Feeding Patterns of Culex Mosquitoes and West Nile Virus Transmission, Northeastern United States

Culex salinarius is a bridge vector to humans, while Cx. pipiens and Cx. restuans are more efficient enzootic vectors

Co-circulation of West Nile virus and distinct insect-specific flaviviruses in Turkey

Background: Active vector surveillance provides an efficient tool for monitoring the presence or spread of emerging or re-emerging vector-borne viruses. This study was undertaken to investigate the circulation of flaviviruses. Mosquitoes were collected from 58 locations in 10 provinces across the Aegean, Thrace and Mediterranean Anatolian regions of Turkey in 2014 and 2015. Following morphological identification, mosquitoes were pooled and screened by nested and real-time PCR assays. Detected viruses were further characterised by sequencing. Positive pools were inoculated onto cell lines for virus isolation. Next generation sequencing was employed for genomic characterisation of the isolates. Results: A total of 12,711 mosquito specimens representing 15 species were screened in 594 pools. Eleven pools (2%) were reactive in the virus screening assays. Sequencing revealed West Nile virus (WNV) in one Culex pipiens (s.l.) pool from Thrace. WNV sequence corresponded to lineage one clade 1a but clustered distinctly from the Turkish prototype isolate. In 10 pools, insect-specific flaviviruses were characterised as Culex theileri flavivirus in 5 pools of Culex theileri and one pool of Cx. pipiens (s.l.), Ochlerotatus caspius flavivirus in two pools of Aedes (Ochlerotatus) caspius, Flavivirus AV-2011 in one pool of Culiseta annulata, and an undetermined flavivirus in one pool of Uranotaenia unguiculata from the Aegean and Thrace regions. DNA forms or integration of the detected insect-specific flaviviruses were not observed. A virus strain, tentatively named as “Ochlerotatus caspius flavivirus Turkey”, was isolated from an Ae. caspius pool in C6/36 cells. The viral genome comprised 10,370 nucleotides with a putative polyprotein of 3,385 amino acids that follows the canonical flavivirus polyprotein organisation. Sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analyses revealed the close relationship of this strain with Ochlerotatus caspius flavivirus from Portugal and Hanko virus from Finland. Several conserved structural and amino acid motifs were identified. Conclusions: We identified WNV and several distinct insect-specific flaviviruses during an extensive biosurveillance study of mosquitoes in various regions of Turkey in 2014 and 2015. Ongoing circulation of WNV is revealed, with an unprecedented genetic diversity. A probable replicating form of an insect flavivirus identified only in DNA form was detected

Evaluation of two methods of estimating larval habitat productivity in western Kenya highlands

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Malaria vector intervention and control programs require reliable and accurate information about vector abundance and their seasonal distribution. The availability of reliable information on the spatial and temporal productivity of larval vector habitats can improve targeting of larval control interventions and our understanding of local malaria transmission and epidemics. The main objective of this study was to evaluate two methods of estimating larval habitat productivity in the western Kenyan highlands, the aerial sampler and the emergence trap.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The study was conducted during the dry and rainy seasons in 2008, 2009 and 2010. Aerial samplers and emergence traps were set up for sixty days in each season in three habitat types: drainage ditches, natural swamps, and abandoned goldmines. Aerial samplers and emergence traps were set up in eleven places in each habitat type. The success of each in estimating habitat productivity was assessed according to method, habitat type, and season. The effect of other factors including algae cover, grass cover, habitat depth and width, and habitat water volume on species productivity was analysed using stepwise logistic regression</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Habitat productivity estimates obtained by the two sampling methods differed significantly for all species except for <it>An</it>. <it>implexus</it>. For for <it>An</it>. <it>gambiae </it>s.l. and <it>An</it>. <it>funestus</it>, aerial samplers performed better, 21.5 and 14.6 folds, than emergence trap respectively, while the emergence trap was shown to be more efficient for culicine species. Seasonality had a significant influence on the productivity of all species monitored. Dry season was most productive season. Overall, drainage ditches had significantly higher productivity in all seasons compared to other habitat types. Algae cover, debris, chlorophyll-a, and habitat depth and size had significant influence with respect to species.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>These findings suggest that the aerial sampler is the better of the two methods for estimating the productivity of <it>An</it>. <it>gambiae </it>s.l. and <it>An</it>. <it>funestus </it>in the western Kenya highlands and possibly other malaria endemic parts of Africa. This method has proven to be a useful tool for monitoring malaria vector populations and for control program design, and provides useful means for determining the most suitable sites for targeted interventions.</p