A interação entre contexto, atividades e características organizacionais no mundo acadêmico

Aborda as preocupações com a influência de contextos históricos ou organizacionais sobre a ciência, análises sistematicamente orientadas para explicar as lógicas que informam a produção de conhecimento científico ou a emergência de corporações de profissionais que se dedicam a esta atividade, controvérsias sobre o caráter cumulativo ou não da ciência são alguns dos temas tratados por trabalhos das Ciências Sociais, Filosofia e História, dedicados ao entendimento do processo mais geral do crescente aumento de importância das ciências modernas como parte dos sistemas culturais das sociedades industrializadas

Análise da evolução dos materiais e tecnologias de moldagem quanto à capacidade de impressão e estabilidade dimensional : revisão narrativa de literatura

A moldagem é uma das etapas mais importantes de um tratamento reabilitador, pois ela é uma cópia da cavidade bucal do paciente e possibilita a obtenção de um modelo, que será a base para a confecção de próteses e restaurações indiretas. É muito importante que o método de impressão proporcione uma moldagem precisa e estável. Além dos materiais convencionais de moldagem, que são utilizados há muitas décadas, com o avanço da tecnologia, atualmente é possível também obter a impressão dos dentes e estruturas adjacentes, por meio de escaneamento intraoral. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar uma revisão narrativa da literatura sobre os materiais de moldagem convencionais e a evolução até as tecnologias de impressão digital, comparando a precisão, estabilidade dimensional, apresentando o histórico, vantagens, desvantagens e indicações. Foram utilizados nesta revisão de literatura artigos científicos, livros e catálogos coletivos disponíveis nas bibliotecas, catálogos digitais e plataformas (MEDLINE, Scielo, PubMed, Science Direct, Google School). Os artigos e livros incluídos foram do ano de 1953 a 2018. Analisando os resultados da revisão de literatura, concluiu-se que: um material de moldagem preciso e estável é essencial para o sucesso das reabilitações orais; existe um variado número de materiais e técnicas de moldagem, aos quais os profissionais devem conhecer as suas propriedades, formas de uso e indicações; as siliconas polimerizadas por adição são os materiais de moldagem convencionais mais precisos e estáveis; tanto as impressões digitais, quanto as convencionais demonstraram ser capazes de produzir restaurações finais clinicamente aceitáveis, possuindo tanto vantagens como desvantagens, então os cirurgiões dentistas deverão basear a sua escolha de acordo com o conceito que melhor se adapta à sua prática clínica atual.Molding is one of the most important steps of a rehabilitation treatment, because it is a copy of the patient's oral cavity and allows the obtaining of a model, which will be the basis for the manufacture of prostheses and indirect restorations. It is very important that the impression method is accurate and stable. In addition to the conventional molding materials, which have been used for many decades, with the advancement of technology, it’s now also possible to obtain the impression of teeth and adjacent structures by intraoral scanning. The objective of this work is to present a narrative review of the literature on conventional molding materials and the evolution to the digital printing technologies, comparing the accuracy, dimensional stability, presenting history, advantages, disadvantages and indications. Was used scientific articles, books and collective catalogs available in libraries and digital catalogs and platforms (MEDLINE, Scielo, PubMed, Science Direct, Google School) in this literature review. The articles and books included were from 1953 to 2018. Analyzing the results of the literature review, it was concluded that: a precise and stable molding material is essential for the success of oral rehabilitations; there is a varied number of impression materials and techniques, to which the professionals must know their properties, forms of use and indications; the addition silicones are the most accurate and stable conventional molding material; both digital impression and conventional have been shown to be capable of producing clinically acceptable final restorations with both advantages and disadvantages, then dental surgeons should base their choice on the concept that best fits their current clinical practice

Prevalence of hiv infection, Syphilis, and Syphilis/HIV coinfection in blood donors from a blood bank of Porto Alegre, southern Brazil

Introduction: Hemotherapy consists of therapeutic treatments performed through blood transfusion. Clinical and serological screening of donors is an essential strategy to avoid transmission of infectious agents in blood transfusion.Objectives: Toassess the seroprevalence of HIV infection, syphilis and syphilis/HIV coinfection in blood donors from a blood bank in Porto Alegre from 2014 to 2016.Methods: Retrospective analysis of all blood donors registered on a software for managing hemotherapy services (Hemodot) of the Blood Bank in the Marques Pereira Laboratory, Porto Alegre / RS, from 2014 to 2016.Results: Of the 28,173 users of the hemotherapy service during the study period, 198 (0.70%) were positive for syphilis, HIV infection, or syphilis/HIV co infection. The prevalence of positive results for syphilis was 0.3%, 0.57% and 0.70% in 2014, 2015 and 2016, respectively, and for HIV infection was 0.18%, 0.14%, and 0.16% for the same period. However, the prevalence of syphilis/HIV coinfection was not statistically significant.Conclusions: The prevalence of syphilis increased significantly from 2014 to 2016. Hovever, this did not occur with HIV infection or with coinfection. This finding may reflect the requirement of the nucleic acid technique (NAT) for HIV screening in blood banks, a procedure that has been increasing transfusion safety and reducing the window period. Further studies may shed new light on the combined use of serological tests and NAT assays in blood banks to diagnose HIV cases and syphilis/HIV coinfection.Key Words: Coinfection; transfusion safety; hemocenter; infectious disease; syphilis; HIVIntroduction: Hemotherapy consists of therapeutic treatments performed through blood transfusion. Clinical and serological screening of donors is an essential strategy to avoid transmission of infectious agents in blood transfusion. The objective of this study is to assess the seroprevalence of HIV infection, syphilis and syphilis/HIV coinfection in blood donors from a blood bank in Porto Alegre from 2014 to 2016.Methods: Retrospective analysis of all blood donors registered on a software for managing hemotherapy services (Hemodot) of the Blood Bank in the Marques Pereira Laboratory, Porto Alegre / RS, from 2014 to 2016.Results: Of the 28,173 users of the hemotherapy service during the study period, 198 (0.70%) were positive for syphilis, HIV infection, or syphilis/HIV co infection. The prevalence of positive results for syphilis was 0.3%, 0.57% and 0.70% in 2014, 2015 and 2016, respectively, and for HIV infection was 0.18%, 0.14%, and 0.16% for the same period. However, the prevalence of syphilis/HIV coinfection was not statistically significant.Conclusions: The prevalence of syphilis increased significantly from 2014 to 2016. Hovever, this did not occur with HIV infection or with coinfection. This finding may reflect the requirement of the nucleic acid technique (NAT) for HIV screening in blood banks, a procedure that has been increasing transfusion safety and reducing the window period. Further studies may shed new light on the combined use of serological tests and NAT assays in blood banks to diagnose HIV cases and syphilis/HIV coinfection.Keywords: Coinfection; transfusion safety; hemocenter; infectious disease; syphilis; HI

A review of coastal anthropogenic impacts on mytilid mussel beds: Effects on mussels and their associated assemblages

Mussel beds are an important habitat in many coastal systems, harboring a high diversity of biota. They are threatened by anthropogenic impacts that affect mussels and their associated assemblages. Pollution, harvesting, trampling, dredging and trawling are major threats faced by these communities. Most of the studies on the effects of such impacts on the mussel beds overlook the associated fauna. Since mussels are very resilient, especially to pollution, the associated fauna can provide a better footprint of the impacts’ effects. In this review, we looked into the main remarks regarding the effects of anthropogenic impacts in mussel bed communities. Organic pollution was the best studied impact and the Atlantic region was the best studied zone. Low values of abundance, biomass, diversity, evenness and species richness were reported for all categories of impacts, with some studies describing declines in at least three of these descriptors. Among the associated fauna, some tolerant species benefited from the impacts, particularly organic enrichment, and became more abundant, but sensitive species suffered considerable declines in density, mainly in dredging and trawling impacts. Therefore, fauna associated with mussel beds is a suitable indicator of anthropogenic disturbance

The P446L variant in GCKR associated with fasting plasma glucose and triglyceride levels exerts its effect through increased glucokinase activity in liver

Genome-wide association studies have identified a number of signals for both Type 2 Diabetes and related quantitative traits. For the majority of loci, the transition from association signal to mutational mechanism has been difficult to establish. Glucokinase (GCK) regulates glucose storage and disposal in the liver where its activity is regulated by glucokinase regulatory protein (GKRP; gene name GCKR). Fructose-6 and fructose-1 phosphate (F6P and F1P) enhance or reduce GKRP-mediated inhibition, respectively. A common GCKR variant (P446L) is reproducibly associated with triglyceride and fasting plasma glucose levels in the general population. The aim of this study was to determine the mutational mechanism responsible for this genetic association. Recombinant human GCK and both human wild-type (WT) and P446L-GKRP proteins were generated. GCK kinetic activity was observed spectrophotometrically using an NADP+-coupled assay. WT and P446L-GKRP-mediated inhibition of GCK activity and subsequent regulation by phosphate esters were determined. Assays matched for GKRP activity demonstrated no difference in dose-dependent inhibition of GCK activity or F1P-mediated regulation. However, the response to physiologically relevant F6P levels was significantly attenuated with P446L-GKRP (n = 18; P ≤ 0.03). Experiments using equimolar concentrations of both regulatory proteins confirmed these findings (n = 9; P < 0.001). In conclusion, P446L-GKRP has reduced regulation by physiological concentrations of F6P, resulting indirectly in increased GCK activity. Altered GCK regulation in liver is predicted to enhance glycolytic flux, promoting hepatic glucose metabolism and elevating concentrations of malonyl-CoA, a substrate for de novo lipogenesis, providing a mutational mechanism for the reported association of this variant with raised triglycerides and lower glucose levels

ERICA: prevalências de hipertensão arterial e obesidade em adolescentes brasileiros

OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of arterial hypertension and obesity and the population attributable fraction of hypertension that is due to obesity in Brazilian adolescents. METHODS Data from participants in the Brazilian Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA), which was the first national school-based, cross-section study performed in Brazil were evaluated. The sample was divided into 32 geographical strata and clusters from 32 schools and classes, with regional and national representation. Obesity was classified using the body mass index according to age and sex. Arterial hypertension was defined when the average systolic or diastolic blood pressure was greater than or equal to the 95th percentile of the reference curve. Prevalences and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) of arterial hypertension and obesity, both on a national basis and in the macro-regions of Brazil, were estimated by sex and age group, as were the fractions of hypertension attributable to obesity in the population. RESULTS We evaluated 73,399 students, 55.4% female, with an average age of 14.7 years (SD = 1.6). The prevalence of hypertension was 9.6% (95%CI 9.0-10.3); with the lowest being in the North, 8.4% (95%CI 7.7-9.2) and Northeast regions, 8.4% (95%CI 7.6-9.2), and the highest being in the South, 12.5% (95%CI 11.0-14.2). The prevalence of obesity was 8.4% (95%CI 7.9-8.9), which was lower in the North region and higher in the South region. The prevalences of arterial hypertension and obesity were higher in males. Obese adolescents presented a higher prevalence of hypertension, 28.4% (95%CI 25.5-31.2), than overweight adolescents, 15.4% (95%CI 17.0-13.8), or eutrophic adolescents, 6.3% (95%CI 5.6-7.0). The fraction of hypertension attributable to obesity was 17.8%. CONCLUSIONS ERICA was the first nationally representative Brazilian study providing prevalence estimates of hypertension in adolescents. Regional and sex differences were observed. The study indicates that the control of obesity would lower the prevalence of hypertension among Brazilian adolescents by 1/5.OBJETIVO Estimar as prevalências de hipertensão arterial e obesidade e a fração atribuível populacional de hipertensão arterial devida à obesidade em adolescentes brasileiros. MÉTODOS Foram avaliados dados dos participantes do Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes, estudo seccional l nacional de base escolar. A amostra foi dividida em 32 estratos geográficos e conglomerados de escolas e turmas, com representatividade nacional, macrorregional e de capitais. Obesidade foi classificada pelo índice de massa corporal segundo idade e sexo. Considerou-se hipertensão arterial a média da pressão arterial sistólica ou diastólica maior ou igual ao percentil 95 da curva de referência. Foram estimadas prevalências e intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%) de hipertensão arterial e de obesidade, nacionais e nas macrorregiões do País, por sexo e grupo etário, assim como as frações de hipertensão atribuíveis à obesidade na população. RESULTADOS Foram avaliados 73.399 estudantes, 55,4% do sexo feminino, com média de idade 14,7 anos (DP = 1,6). A prevalência de hipertensão arterial foi 9,6% (IC95% 9,0-10,3); sendo as mais baixas observadas nas regiões Norte, 8,4% (IC95% 7,7-9,2) e Nordeste, 8,4% (IC95% 7,6-9,2) e a mais alta na região Sul, 12,5% (IC95% 11,0-14,2). A prevalência de obesidade foi 8,4% (IC95% 7,9-8,9), mais baixa na região Norte e mais alta na Sul. As prevalências de hipertensão arterial e obesidade foram maiores no sexo masculino. Adolescentes com obesidade tiveram prevalência de hipertensão arterial mais elevada, 28,4% (IC95% 25,5-31,2), do que aqueles com sobrepeso, 15,4% (IC95% 13,8-17,0), ou eutróficos, 6,3% (IC95% 5,6-7,0). A fração de hipertensão arterial atribuível à obesidade foi de 17,8%. CONCLUSÕES O ERICA foi o primeiro estudo brasileiro com representatividade nacional a estimar a prevalência de hipertensão arterial aferida em adolescentes. A fração da prevalência de hipertensão arterial atribuível à obesidade mostrou que cerca de 1/5 dos hipertensos poderiam não ser hipertensos se não fossem obesos