A75 Modern concepts of cellular and molecular mechanisms of breast cancer and their prognostic significance

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in women. The incidence of breast cancer in 2014 in the Republic of Mordovia was 69.9 per 100,000 female populations. Breast cancer occurs when excessive expression of oncoproteins switches in the case of transformation of proto-oncogene in PRADI. In primary breast tumors, mutations and the expression of the three oncogenes Her2/neu, C-mys, Int-2, as well as in supressonyh genes – the p53 gene and the retinoblastoma gene RB are the most common. Several studies found that oncogene – C-mys was expressed in 16.8% of primary breast cancer cases and in 35% cases with subsequent development of metastases. Proteins that stimulate the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinasescan activateunder the influence of growth factors. Development of breast cancer is regulated by a complex interaction of many hormones and growth factors. Currently, one of the leading theories of developing breast cancer is the increased hormonal stimulation of proliferative processes in the development of neoplasia. One of the manifestations of hormonal imbalance in tumor during a regular decrease in blood competitive inhibitor of the biological effects of estrogen – progesterone, which is in correlation with the stage of the spread of neoplasia. The role of the overproduction of estrogen in the pathogenesis of breast cancer is confirmed by the fact that in women who underwent oophorectomy before the age of 38years, the risk of breast cancer development is 1.5 times less than in those who did not have such operation. Excessive accumulation of lipid peroxidation products in the area of neoplasia activates mechanisms violation of intercellular interaction that caused the destruction of the lipid components of membranes.The study group included 112 patients treated at the State Institution of Health of the Republic of Mordovia “National Oncology Center”. To identify the nature of tumors, all patients underwent immunohistochemical analysis. Androgen receptors were found in 48% of breast cancer cases, the expression level of androgen receptor in the tumor was much lower than the expression level of estrogen and progesterone receptors. Low levels of progesterone receptor expression in breast cancer cells were combined with high levels of expression of Ki-67 antigen, HER-2 oncoprotein in tumor cells. Patients with HER-2 (3+) and (2+) had more frequent multiple metastases in lymph nodes compared to patients with HER-2 (0) and (1+) phenotypes. Maximum expression of HER-2 oncoprotein in tumor cells indicated high metastatic potential and poor prognosis.It may be concluded that the cellular and molecular mechanisms of breast cancer are complex. Therefore, carcinogenesis has a “multistep” nature and at least two or more mutations in the cells of the same clone – parent and child are required to generate malignant tumors. Thus, the development of oncogenic transformation does not necessarily mean the process of tumor formation

ROCK SURFACE CHARACTERIZATION BY IMMERSION CALORIMETRY: WETTABILITY AND SPECIFIC SURFACE AREA

ABSTRACT Petrophysical properties such as wettability and surface area control hydrocarbon storage and transport properties. In the work being reported in this paper, we present the theoretical aspects as well as experimental technique and results of testing and validating a proposed calorimetry technique for specific surface area and wettability characterization. Identical immersion calorimetry experiments with slightly different initial conditions of the sample are analyzed to obtain these two properties of a core sample. Validation of the experimental technique is an important step, which is performed in this work by comparing the surface areas of the samples obtained by the proposed technique with the surface area obtained by the well-known Brunauer-EmmettTaylor (BET) gas-adsorption technique. Surface area measurements are performed on a set of core plugs and reference samples, including hydrophilic and hydrophobic powders of pure substances, minerals, and clays

Structural-analytical approach to the problem of acute intestinal nonprovenability in practice of a doctor-clinicist. modern interpretation of mechanisms of development and dissemination of a series of effective treatment-diagnostic tactics

This literature review describes the main etiological factors of intestinal obstruction, a number of key aspects of the development of intestinal obstruction mechanisms. A detailed description of the pathogenesis of acute intestinal obstruction. The problems of modern diagnostics of acute intestinal obstruction of various origins, including the worn picture of the disease on the basis of what the optimal diagnostic and treatment algorithms were formed

Social Image of the Ural Region Mining Workers at the Post-Reform Time Period

The article dwells upon a transition character of the Ural proletariat at the post-reform time period. Both domestic and foreign historiography define the social image of the Russian worker of the 20th century second part as either proletarian or referring to a “half-worker and half-peasant” type, combining traditional pre-capitalist features with newer ones, characteristic of industrial manufacture. A manufacturer’s being connected to the land as well as forming a certain mentality combined with the professional skills are considered the main criteria while defining the Russian workers’ typology. Taking into consideration the Urals old tradition of industrial manufacture, the process of forming an independent class at the area progressed rather vigorously. Despite of land allotments availability, workers in the Urals got under influence of modernization. Treating scornfully peasant work, industrial workers purposefully separated themselves from peasants. Nevertheless, it will be wrong to speak about complete disappearance of traditional peasant psychology among the Ural proletariat of the said time period. The working class at the region used to belong to a transition type, therefore we can speak about its incomplete establishment as a bourgeois society class

Silicon-carbide semiconductors as base for active rectifier

В докладе представлена концепция построения преобразователя частоты по типу активного выпрямителя на сверхмалые массо-габаритные показатели (до 0,4 кг/кВт) с использованием карбид-кремниевых транзисторов. В основе концепции заложены принципы наращивания мощности преобразователей за счет параллельного соединения преобразователей меньшей мощности (модулей). Алгоритм управления всем преобразователем реализован на базе микроконтроллера и программируемой логической интегральной схемы (ПЛИС). Совокупность достоинств микросхем, а также ряд технических решений обеспечили независимое централизованное управление 36 транзисторами на постоянной частоте коммутации 75 кГц. Эквивалентная пульсность тока для рассматриваемого трехфазного преобразователя составляет 450 кГц. В работе представлены промежуточные результаты испытаний образца на номинальную мощность 25 кВт.The report introduces the concept of building the inverter-type active rectifier on ultra-small weight and size parameters (up to 0.4 kg / kW). The concept based on the principles of increasing converters power due to the parallel connection of lower power converters (modules). The control algorithm is implemented on microcontroller and programmable logic integrated circuits (FPGAs) co-working. Set of advantages applied digital circuits, as well as a number of technical solutions that organize synchronous and discontinuous operation of two chips in a single computational cycle, ensure the independence of the centralized management of 36 transistors on a constant switching frequency of 75 kHz. Equivalent frequencyof ripples in current for the considered three-phase inverter is 450 kHz. The paper presents the interim results of the test sample to the nominal power of 25 kW

Mathematical model of the starter system for a three-stage synchronous generator with a damping cage

В данной статье рассматривается математическая модель стартерной системы для газотурбинных двигателей. Модель исследуемого трехкаскадного синхронного генератора была построена в системе d-q-координат. Полученная модель позволяет сконфигурировать параметры машины в широком диапазоне, а также получить информацию о токах и напряжениях основных электрических узлов машины. Математическое моделирование показало эффективность полученной модели и адекватность предложенного алгоритма электростартерного запуска синхронной машины.This paper, considers a mathematical model the starter system for gas turbine engines. Model of the investigated three-stage synchronous generator has been built in the dq-coordinates. The obtained model allows one to configure the machine parameters in a wide range, as well as receive information about currents and voltages major electrical components of the machine. Mathematical modeling shown efficiency of the resulting model and adequacy of the proposed algorithms electric starter mode synchronous machine

Orbital effects of a monochromatic plane gravitational wave with ultra-low frequency incident on a gravitationally bound two-body system

We analytically compute the long-term orbital variations of a test particle orbiting a central body acted upon by an incident monochromatic plane gravitational wave. We assume that the characteristic size of the perturbed two-body system is much smaller than the wavelength of the wave. Moreover, we also suppose that the wave's frequency is much smaller than the particle's orbital one. We make neither a priori assumptions about the direction of the wavevector nor on the orbital geometry of the planet. We find that, while the semi-major axis is left unaffected, the eccentricity, the inclination, the longitude of the ascending node, the longitude of pericenter and the mean anomaly undergo non-vanishing long-term changes. They are not secular trends because of the slow modulation introduced by the tidal matrix coefficients and by the orbital elements themselves. They could be useful to indepenedently constrain the ultra-low frequency waves which may have been indirectly detected in the BICEP2 experiment. Our calculation holds, in general, for any gravitationally bound two-body system whose characteristic frequency is much larger than the frequency of the external wave. It is also valid for a generic perturbation of tidal type with constant coefficients over timescales of the order of the orbital period of the perturbed particle.Comment: LaTex2e, 24 pages, no figures, no tables. Changes suggested by the referees include

Новые комбинации и названия сосудистых растений Азиатской России.

In this paper, we present nomenclatural novelties required in the course of the preparation of the second, revised version of the checklist of vascular plants of Asian Russia. The first version was published in 2012 (Baikov 2012). At the family level, we accepted the modern classification systems (APG IV for flowering plants, PPG I for lycophytes and ferns, and GPG for gymnosperms). At the genus level, we follow the generic concepts applied for particular taxonomic groups according to the Catalogue of Life (COL; https://www.catalogueoflife.org/), version COL23.5. At the species level, we consistently apply the monotypic species concept (also known in Russia as Komarov’s concept). In total, this paper presents one new nothogenus name (× Sibirotrisetokoeleria Chepinoga nom. nov., Poaceae) and 156 new names in the rank of species, in 28 families: Amaranthaceae Juss. (1 name), Amaryllidaceae J. St.-Hil. (1), Apiaceae Lindl. (2), Asteraceae Bercht. & J.Presl (12), Boraginaceae Juss. (4), Caryophyllaceae Juss. (11), Crassulaceae J. St.-Hill. (3), Cyperaceae Juss. (8), Ericaceae Juss. (2), Fabaceae Lindl. (16), Gentianaceae Juss. (1), Geraniaceae Juss. (1), Juncaceae Juss. (1), Lamiaceae Martinov (1), Menyanthaceae Dumort. (1), Orchidaceae Juss. (1), Orobanchaceae Vent. (1), Papaveraceae Juss. (4), Plantaginaceae Juss. (1), Poaceae Barnhart (49), Polygonaceae Juss. (4), Primulaceae Batsch. ex Borkh. (6), Ranunculaceae Juss. (4), Rosaceae Juss. (5), Salicaceae Mirb. (2), Saxifragaceae Juss. (11), Vitaceae Juss. (1), Zygophyllaceae R. Br. (2 names)

Exploring the solid state and solution structural chemistry of the utility amide potassium hexamethyldisilazide (KHMDS)

The structural chemistry of eleven donor complexes of the important Brønsted base potassium 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazide (KHMDS) has been studied. Depending on the donor, each complex adopted one of four general structural motifs. Specifically, in this study the donors employed were toluene (to give polymeric 1 and dimeric 2), THF (dimeric 3), N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) (dimeric 4), (R,R)-N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-1,2-diaminocyclohexane [(R,R)-TMCDA] (dimeric 5), 12-crown-4 (dimeric 6), N,N,N',N'-tetramethyldiaminoethyl ether (TMDAE) (tetranuclear dimeric 8 and monomeric 10), N,N,N',N',N''-pentamethyldiethylentriamine (PMDETA) (tetranuclear dimeric 7), tris[2-dimethyl(amino)ethyl]amine (Me6TREN) (tetranuclear dimeric 9) and tris{2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl}amine (TMEEA) (monomeric 11). The complexes were also studied in solution by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy as well as DOSY NMR spectroscopy