The Time over the time: reflections on the challenges of contemporary society

En el presente ensayo, el autor reflexiona sobre el desarrollo de la sociedad internacional hasta nuestros días resaltando la forma en que las dos guerras mundiales del siglo XX, la Guerra Fría, la Caída del Muro de Berlín y, finalmente, la crisis de Wall Street del año 2008 han configurado la realidad contemporánea. Los procesos acontecidos han impactado en el concepto de soberanía como elemento central de los estados nacionales, con implicancias que van desde el tratamiento que se da a los derechos humanos hasta la forma en que operan los mercados mundiales. El autor expresa su opinión sobre los desafíos que esto plantea para la sociedad actual.In this essay, the author reflects about the development of international society that has been created until our days, highlighting how the two world wars of the twentieth century, the Cold War, the fall of the Berlin Wall and finally the Wall Street crisis of 2008 have shaped our contemporary reality. The occurring processes have impacted on the concept of sovereignty as a core element of national states, with implications from the treatment given to human rights to how global markets operate. The author expresses his opinion about these challenges in our society

Protein crystallization in short-peptide supramolecular hydrogels: A versatile strategy towards biotechnological composite materials

Protein crystallization in hydrogels has been explored with the main purpose of facilitating the growth of high quality crystals while increasing their size to enhance their manipulation. New avenues are currently being built for the use of protein crystals as source materials to create sensors and drug delivery vehicles, to name just a few. In this sense, short-peptide supramolecular hydrogels may play a crucial role in integrating protein crystals within a wider range of applications. In this article, we show that protein crystallization in short-peptide supramolecular hydrogels is feasible and independent of the type of peptide that forms the hydrogel and/or the protein, although the output is not always the same. As a general trend, it is confirmed that hydrogel fibers are always incorporated within crystals so that novel composite materials for biotechnological applications with enhanced properties are produced.This research was funded by the MICINN (Spain) projects BIO2010-6800 (JAG), CTQ2012-34778 (JJDM), and “Factoría Española de Cristalización” Consolider-Ingenio 2010 (JAG & MCM), and by Junta de Andalucía (Spain) project P12-FQM- 2721 (LAC). EDRF funds JAG, LAC & JMC. JJDM thanks MICINN for a Ramon y Cajal Fellowship and MCM thanks CSIC for her JAE Fellowshi

PRIMER Initiative: Promoting Interdisciplinary Methodologies in Education and Research

p. 168-182El documento describe la iniciativa internacional PRIMER destinada a desarrollar capacidades y habilidades de investigación interdisciplinarias para impulsar la capacidad de enfrentar desafíos globales cuya complejidad está más allá del alcance de disciplinas individuales. Con este fin, la iniciativa ha llevado a cabo la educación, actividades de investigación e innovación basadas en teorías y metodologías, como herramientas para la integración del conocimiento. En la primera sección, se describe la motivación de la iniciativa, seguida de una sección que describe los objetivos y el enfoque teórico y metodológico, fundamentos, así como sus dimensiones técnicas y sociales. Los tres pilares del enfoque PRIMER están constituidos por la ciencia de sistemas, estudios de información e innovación social. Una tercera sección muestra los resultados de una fase de prueba en la que en las instituciones participantes se probó inicialmente programa más sistemático ideado a partir de los resultados de las pruebas. Este diseño, que es actualmente un candidato para un programa de financiación internacional, se describe brevemente en una sección posteriorS

PRIMER Initiative: PRomoting Interdisciplinary Methodologies in Education and Research

The paper describes the PRIMER international initiative aimed to develop interdisciplinary research capacities and skills to boost the ability to face global challenges whose complexity is beyond the reach of individual disciplines. To this end, the initiative has carried out education, research and innovation activities based on theoretical and methodological tools for the integration of knowledge. In the first section, the motivation of the initiative is described, which is followed by a section describing the objectives and approach as regards theoretical and methodological underpinnings, as well as its technical and social dimensions. The three pillars of PRIMER approach are constituted by systems science, information studies, and social innovation. A third section shows the results of a testing phase in which the participant institutions where gathered, the approach was initially tested and a more systematic program was devised upon testing results. This design, which is currently a candidate for an international funding program, is briefly described in section forth.2019-2

La consulta previa y su influencia en los proyectos de interés nacional estratégico en Colombia

Artículo de investigaciónLa consulta previa es un derecho fundamental que consiste en un mecanismo de participación de las comunidades étnicas e indígenas sobre las medidas administrativas o legislativas que pueden afectar su integridad social, cultural y económica, entre otros. El desarrollo que este mecanismo ha presentado en Colombia, según cifras del Ministerio del Interior (2018) puede calificarse como desmedido. En este sentido, es necesario realizar un análisis acerca del exceso de consultas previas presentadas hoy en día en Colombia. Lo anterior, tiene como finalidad identificar las posibles mejoras que pueden desarrollarse a través de la reglamentación consiente de los procesos de consulta previa, a partir de la identificación real de las afectaciones que puede constituir cada proyecto (PINES). Ponderando el interés general y la necesidad de los proyectos que se encuentran en marcha.1. INTRODUCCIÓN 2. LA CONSULTA PREVIA COMO DERECHO FUNDAMENTAL 3. FUNDAMENTO CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CONSULTA PREVIA 4. AUTODETERMINACIÓN, CONSENTIMIENTO PREVIO LIBRE E INFORMADO DE LAS COMUNIDADES ÉTNICAS CONCLUSIONES REFERENCIAS 5. PROYECTOS DE INTERÉS NACIONAL Y ESTRATÉGICOS – PINES 6. LA CONSULTA PREVIA Y LOS PROYECTOS DE INTERÉS NACIONAL Y ESTRATÉGICOS – PINES. 7. LA CONSULTA PREVIA Y LA CONSULTA POPULAR Y SU INFLUENCIA EN EL DESARROLLO DEL PAÍSPregradoAbogad

Energy Estimation of Cosmic Rays with the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is part of the Pierre Auger Observatory and is used to detect the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers. These observations are compared to the data of the surface detector stations of the Observatory, which provide well-calibrated information on the cosmic-ray energies and arrival directions. The response of the radio stations in the 30 to 80 MHz regime has been thoroughly calibrated to enable the reconstruction of the incoming electric field. For the latter, the energy deposit per area is determined from the radio pulses at each observer position and is interpolated using a two-dimensional function that takes into account signal asymmetries due to interference between the geomagnetic and charge-excess emission components. The spatial integral over the signal distribution gives a direct measurement of the energy transferred from the primary cosmic ray into radio emission in the AERA frequency range. We measure 15.8 MeV of radiation energy for a 1 EeV air shower arriving perpendicularly to the geomagnetic field. This radiation energy -- corrected for geometrical effects -- is used as a cosmic-ray energy estimator. Performing an absolute energy calibration against the surface-detector information, we observe that this radio-energy estimator scales quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy as expected for coherent emission. We find an energy resolution of the radio reconstruction of 22% for the data set and 17% for a high-quality subset containing only events with at least five radio stations with signal.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Measurement of the Radiation Energy in the Radio Signal of Extensive Air Showers as a Universal Estimator of Cosmic-Ray Energy

We measure the energy emitted by extensive air showers in the form of radio emission in the frequency range from 30 to 80 MHz. Exploiting the accurate energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory, we obtain a radiation energy of 15.8 \pm 0.7 (stat) \pm 6.7 (sys) MeV for cosmic rays with an energy of 1 EeV arriving perpendicularly to a geomagnetic field of 0.24 G, scaling quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy. A comparison with predictions from state-of-the-art first-principle calculations shows agreement with our measurement. The radiation energy provides direct access to the calorimetric energy in the electromagnetic cascade of extensive air showers. Comparison with our result thus allows the direct calibration of any cosmic-ray radio detector against the well-established energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DOI. Supplemental material in the ancillary file