Ultraviolet camera measurements of passive and explosive (Strombolian) sulphur dioxide emissions at Yasur Volcano, Vanuatu

Here, we present the first ultraviolet (UV) camera measurements of sulphur dioxide (SO2) flux from Yasur volcano, Vanuatu, for the period 6–9 July 2018. These data yield the first direct gas-measurement-derived calculations of explosion gas masses at Yasur. Yasur typically exhibits persistent passive gas release interspersed with frequent Strombolian explosions. We used compact forms of the “PiCam” Raspberry Pi UV camera system powered through solar panels to collect images. Our daily median SO2 fluxes ranged from 4 to 5.1 kg s−1, with a measurement uncertainty of −12.2% to +14.7%, including errors from the gas cell calibration drift, uncertainties in plume direction and distance, and errors from the plume velocity. This work highlights the use of particle image velocimetry (PIV) for plume velocity determination, which was preferred over the typically used cross-correlation and optical flow methods because of the ability to function over a variety of plume conditions. We calculated SO2 masses for Strombolian explosions ranging 8–81 kg (mean of 32 kg), which to our knowledge is the first budget of explosive gas masses from this target. Through the use of a simple statistical measure using the moving minimum, we estimated that passive degassing is the dominant mode of gas emission at Yasur, supplying an average of ~69% of the total gas released. Our work further highlights the utility of UV camera measurements in volcanology, and particularly the benefit of the multiple camera approach in error characterisation. This work also adds to our inventory of gas-based data, which can be used to characterise the spectrum of Strombolian activity across the globe.</jats:p

The still under-investigated role of cognitive deficits in PML diagnosis.

Background Despite cognitive deficits frequently represent the first clinical manifestations of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) in Natalizumab-treated MS patients, the importance of cognitive deficits in PML diagnosis is still under-investigated. The aim of the current study is to investigate the cognitive deficits at PML diagnosis in a group of Italian patients with PML. Methods Thirty-four PML patients were included in the study. The demographic and clinical data, the lesion load and localization, and the longitudinal clinical course was compared between patients with (n = 13) and without (n = 15) cognitive deficit upon PML suspicion (the remaining six patients were asymptomatic). Clinical presentation of cognitive symptoms was described in detail. Result After symptoms detection, the time to diagnosis resulted to be shorter for patients presenting with cognitive than for patients with non cognitive onset (p = 0.03). Within patients with cognitive onset, six patients were presenting with language and/or reading difficulties (46.15%); five patients with memory difficulties (38.4%); three patients with apraxia (23.1%); two patients with disorientation (15.3%); two patients with neglect (15.3%); one patients with object agnosia (7.7%), one patient with perseveration (7.7%) and one patient with dementia (7.7%). Frontal lesions were less frequent (p = 0.03), whereas temporal lesions were slightly more frequent (p = 0.06) in patients with cognitive deficits. The longitudinal PML course seemed to be more severe in cognitive than in non cognitive patients (F = 2.73, p = 0.03), but differences disappeared (F = 1.24, p = 0.29) when balancing for the incidence of immune reconstitution syndrome and for other treatments for PML (steroids, plasma exchange (PLEX) and other therapies (Mefloquine, Mirtazapine, Maraviroc). Conclusion Cognitive deficits at PML onset manifest with symptoms which are absolutely rare in MS. Their appearance in MS patients should strongly suggest PML. Clinicians should be sensitive to the importance of formal neuropsychological evaluation, with particular focus on executive function, which are not easily detected without a formal assessment

Notulae to the Italian native vascular flora: 14

In this contribution, new data concerning the distribution of native vascular flora in Italy are presented. It includes new records, confirmations, and status changes to the Italian administrative regions. Nomenclatural and distribution updates, published elsewhere, and corrigenda are provided as Suppl. material

Prenatal Famine and Genetic Variation Are Independently and Additively Associated with DNA Methylation at Regulatory Loci within IGF2/H19

Both the early environment and genetic variation may affect DNA methylation, which is one of the major molecular marks of the epigenome. The combined effect of these factors on a well-defined locus has not been studied to date. We evaluated the association of periconceptional exposure to the Dutch Famine of 1944–45, as an example of an early environmental exposure, and single nucleotide polymorphisms covering the genetic variation (tagging SNPs) with DNA methylation at the imprinted IGF2/H19 region, a model for an epigenetically regulated genomic region. DNA methylation was measured at five differentially methylated regions (DMRs) that regulate the imprinted status of the IGF2/H19 region. Small but consistent differences in DNA methylation were observed comparing 60 individuals with periconceptional famine exposure with unexposed same-sex siblings at all IGF2 DMRs (PBH<0.05 after adjustment for multiple testing), but not at the H19 DMR. IGF2 DMR0 methylation was associated with IGF2 SNP rs2239681 (PBH = 0.027) and INS promoter methylation with INS SNPs, including rs689, which tags the INS VNTR, suggesting a mechanism for the reported effect of the VNTR on INS expression (PBH = 3.4×10−3). Prenatal famine and genetic variation showed similar associations with IGF2/H19 methylation and their contributions were additive. They were small in absolute terms (<3%), but on average 0.5 standard deviations relative to the variation in the population. Our analyses suggest that environmental and genetic factors could have independent and additive similarly sized effects on DNA methylation at the same regulatory site

Non-human Primates&apos; Kinematic and Neuronal Recordings throughout a Reach-Grasp-Manipulate Task

This data was collected from a behavioral task where two male rhesus non-human primates (Macaca mulatta, monkey X and monkey Y) were trained tosit in a primate chair and visually-cued to reach towards, grasp, and manipulate one of four objects, i.e., a sphere (sphere), a perpendicularly mounted cylinder (mallet), a push-button (button), or a peripheral coaxial cylinder (cylinder). All studies were approved by the University of Rochester Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. A description of the experimental paradigm and recording devices can be found in &quot;Description_Experiment.pdf&quot;. Data collected in this repository was gathered from two experimental sessions with monkey X (session X0918 and session X1002) and two experimental session with monkey Y (session Y0210 and session Y0304). For each subject and recording session, data is stored in the MATLAB file &quot;data_*****.mat&quot;, where &quot;*****&quot; indicates the specific combination of subject and session, i.e., it is X0918, X1002, Y0210, or Y0304). In each *.mat file, three MATLAB struct objects are stored: &quot;kinematics&quot;, &quot;neurons&quot;, and&quot;lfp&quot;. lfp is available for sessions with monkey X only. A description of these struct objects is reported in &quot;Description_Dataset.pdf&quot;.This experiment was designed by Marc H. Schieber and collected by Adam G. Davidson, Andrew J. Law, and Marc. H. Schieber. M. Mollazadeh, V. Aggarwal, A. G. Davidson, A. J. Law, N. V. Thakor, and M. H. Schieber, &quot;Spatiotemporal variation of multiple neurophysiological signals in the primary motor cortex during dexterous reach-to-grasp movements,&quot; J Neurosci, vol. 31, pp. 15531-15543, October 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2999-11.201

Coupled Dynamical Systems Model of Non-human Primate&apos;s Kinematic and Neuronal Recordings

This data was collected from a behavioral task where two male rhesus non-human primates (Macaca mulatta, monkey X and monkey Y) were trained tosit in a primate chair and visually-cued to reach towards, grasp, and manipulate one of four objects, i.e., a sphere (sphere), a perpendicularly mounted cylinder (mallet), a push-button (button), or a peripheral coaxial cylinder (cylinder). All studies were approved by the University of Rochester Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. This experiment was designed by Marc H. Schieber and collected by Adam G. Davidson, Andrew J. Law, and Marc. H. Schieber. M. Mollazadeh, V. Aggarwal, A. G. Davidson, A. J. Law, N. V. Thakor, and M. H. Schieber, &quot;Spatiotemporal variation of multiple neurophysiological signals in the primary motor cortex during dexterous reach-to-grasp movements,&quot; J Neurosci, vol. 31, pp. 15531-15543, October 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2999-11.2011The code and analysis contained in this repository creates a coupled dynamical systems model (cDSM) based on populations of pre-motor and primary motor cortices. The cDSM is then used to evaluate drivers of the cortical system. This evaluation includes determining the dominate drivers of the system and comparing the similarity of drivers to the similarity of behaviors across multiple subjects. In MATLAB, \functions\cDSM_mainresults.m is the main script. This analysis and all saved data and result images are associated with the manuscript: R. D&apos;Aleo, A. G. Rouse, M. H. Schieber, and S. V. Sarma, &quot;Cortico-cortical drive in a coupled premotor-primary motor cortex dynamical system,&quot; Cell Reports.THIS DATASET IS ARCHIVED AT DANS/EASY, BUT NOT ACCESSIBLE HERE. TO VIEW A LIST OF FILES AND ACCESS THE FILES IN THIS DATASET CLICK ON THE DOI-LINK ABOV

Non-human Primates&apos; Kinematic and Neuronal Recordings throughout a Reach-Grasp-Manipulate Task

This data was collected from a behavioral task where two male rhesus non-human primates (Macaca mulatta, monkey X and monkey Y) were trained tosit in a primate chair and visually-cued to reach towards, grasp, and manipulate one of four objects, i.e., a sphere (sphere), a perpendicularly mounted cylinder (mallet), a push-button (button), or a peripheral coaxial cylinder (cylinder). All studies were approved by the University of Rochester Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. A description of the experimental paradigm and recording devices can be found in &quot;Description_Experiment.pdf&quot;. Data collected in this repository was gathered from two experimental sessions with monkey X (session X0918 and session X1002) and two experimental session with monkey Y (session Y0210 and session Y0304). For each subject and recording session, data is stored in the MATLAB file &quot;data_*****.mat&quot;, where &quot;*****&quot; indicates the specific combination of subject and session, i.e., it is X0918, X1002, Y0210, or Y0304). In each *.mat file, three MATLAB struct objects are stored: &quot;kinematics&quot;, &quot;neurons&quot;, and&quot;lfp&quot;. lfp is available for sessions with monkey X only. A description of these struct objects is reported in &quot;Description_Dataset.pdf&quot;.This experiment was designed by Marc H. Schieber and collected by Adam G. Davidson, Andrew J. Law, and Marc. H. Schieber. M. Mollazadeh, V. Aggarwal, A. G. Davidson, A. J. Law, N. V. Thakor, and M. H. Schieber, &quot;Spatiotemporal variation of multiple neurophysiological signals in the primary motor cortex during dexterous reach-to-grasp movements,&quot; J Neurosci, vol. 31, pp. 15531-15543, October 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2999-11.2011THIS DATASET IS ARCHIVED AT DANS/EASY, BUT NOT ACCESSIBLE HERE. TO VIEW A LIST OF FILES AND ACCESS THE FILES IN THIS DATASET CLICK ON THE DOI-LINK ABOV