The Use of the Modal Verb Shall in Legal Texts

Los verbos modales constituyen un tema relevante en la enseñanza del idioma inglés. Dependiendo del contexto, pueden indicar un grado de probabilidad, un grado de formalidad, capacidad, una obligación, una necesidad o una recomendación. Deberá es uno de los verbos modales. Este artículo analiza los diferentes usos del verbo deber, principalmente en los textos legales

Exploring Legal Terminology: Types of Business Organization in the United States

Leer un texto jurídico redactado en una lengua extranjera puede llegar a seruna tarea complicada. La terminología jurídica en inglés suele resultar muycompleja para aquellos que no están familiarizados con la jerga. Los hispanohablantes que estudian inglés como lengua extranjera pueden considerarque los términos ligados al proceso civil, al proceso penal y a las formasde organización empresarial son difíciles de entender debido a las grandesdiferencias entre los sistemas jurídicos en cuestión, es decir, las diferenciasentre el sistema jurídico anglo-norteamericano (common law) y el sistemajurídico establecido en los países de habla hispana como la Argentina (sistemacontinental). El objetivo de este artículo es explorar terminología jurídicarelacionada con los tipos de organización empresarial en los EstadosUnidos de América

Reflexiones sobre las características del inglés jurídico

Legal English differs from general English. Why is it different? What are its typical characteristics? What makes it different? What aspects of legal English should be taken into account by those interested in reading legal texts in English? Those questions are considered here.El inglés jurídico difiere del inglés general. ¿Por qué es diferente? ¿Cuáles son sus rasgos típicos? ¿Qué es lo que lo hace distinto? ¿Qué aspectos del inglés jurídico deberían ser tenidos en cuenta por aquellos que deseen leer textos jurídicos en inglés? Esos interrogantes son considerados en el presente trabajo

La importancia del método en la traducción de textos jurídicos redactados en inglés

Some readers cannot understand texts written in a foreign language because they choose inappropriate methods to translate them. The aim of this article is to mention some tips for translating texts written in English, mainly legal texts.Algunos lectores no pueden comprender textos redactados en un idioma extranjero por elegir métodos inadecuados para traducirlos. El objetivo de este artículo es mencionar algunas recomendaciones para traducir textos redactados en inglés, en especial textos jurídicos

Reflexiones sobre las características del inglés jurídico

Legal English differs from general English. Why is it different? What are its typical characteristics? What makes it different? What aspects of legal English should be taken into account by those interested in reading legal texts in English? Those questions are considered here.El inglés jurídico difiere del inglés general ¿Por qué es diferente? ¿Cuáles son sus rasgos típicos? ¿Qué es lo que lo hace distinto? ¿Qué aspectos del inglés jurídico deberían ser tenidos en cuenta por aquellos que deseen leer textos jurídicos en inglés? Esos interrogantes son considerados en el presente trabajo

Shakespeare y la finalidad del derecho

Shakespeare escribió diferentes obras que pueden ser analizadas desde una perspectiva jurídica. Otelo, el moro de Venecia es una de ellas dado que su argumento versa sobre los terribles efectos de la venganza. La obra muestra que la venganza no es un medio para obtener justicia. Asimismo, resalta la importancia del mantenimiento de la ley y el orden. El objetivo de este ensayo es discurrir sobre Otelo y la finalidad del derecho en una sociedad

Hyperoxemia and excess oxygen use in early acute respiratory distress syndrome : Insights from the LUNG SAFE study

Publisher Copyright: © 2020 The Author(s). Copyright: Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Background: Concerns exist regarding the prevalence and impact of unnecessary oxygen use in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We examined this issue in patients with ARDS enrolled in the Large observational study to UNderstand the Global impact of Severe Acute respiratory FailurE (LUNG SAFE) study. Methods: In this secondary analysis of the LUNG SAFE study, we wished to determine the prevalence and the outcomes associated with hyperoxemia on day 1, sustained hyperoxemia, and excessive oxygen use in patients with early ARDS. Patients who fulfilled criteria of ARDS on day 1 and day 2 of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure were categorized based on the presence of hyperoxemia (PaO2 > 100 mmHg) on day 1, sustained (i.e., present on day 1 and day 2) hyperoxemia, or excessive oxygen use (FIO2 ≥ 0.60 during hyperoxemia). Results: Of 2005 patients that met the inclusion criteria, 131 (6.5%) were hypoxemic (PaO2 < 55 mmHg), 607 (30%) had hyperoxemia on day 1, and 250 (12%) had sustained hyperoxemia. Excess FIO2 use occurred in 400 (66%) out of 607 patients with hyperoxemia. Excess FIO2 use decreased from day 1 to day 2 of ARDS, with most hyperoxemic patients on day 2 receiving relatively low FIO2. Multivariate analyses found no independent relationship between day 1 hyperoxemia, sustained hyperoxemia, or excess FIO2 use and adverse clinical outcomes. Mortality was 42% in patients with excess FIO2 use, compared to 39% in a propensity-matched sample of normoxemic (PaO2 55-100 mmHg) patients (P = 0.47). Conclusions: Hyperoxemia and excess oxygen use are both prevalent in early ARDS but are most often non-sustained. No relationship was found between hyperoxemia or excessive oxygen use and patient outcome in this cohort. Trial registration: LUNG-SAFE is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02010073publishersversionPeer reviewe

COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≤ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≥ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P &lt; 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men