Hypostomus formosae, a new catfish species from the Paraguay River Basin with redescription of H. boulengeri (Siluriformes: Loricariidae)

Hypostomus formosae n. sp. is described for the Paraguay river basin, Argentina. It can be distinguished from all other Hypostomus by having the combination of the following features: dorsum of head, body and all fins bright grey covered by numerous rounded dark dots and 11 ventral plates between end of anal-fin base and caudal fin (vs. more than 11). In addition, the new species is distinguished from the most similar sympatric species, H. boulengeri by slightly higher cleithral width, dorsal-fin base length, caudal-peduncle depth and by narrower caudal-peduncle length, eye diameter and mandibulary ramus length. Hypostomus formosae belongs to the Amazonian "H. plecostomus species group" and our molecular phylogenetic results show that it is the sister species to the Guianese H. plecostomus, highlighting past inter-basin ichtyofauna exchanges. We also provide detailed record of H. boulengeri for the first time in Argentina, collected in Paraguay river, at Formosa city.Instituto de Limnología "Dr. Raúl A. Ringuelet

Hypostomus formosae, a new catfish species from the Paraguay River Basin with redescription of H. boulengeri (Siluriformes: Loricariidae)

Hypostomus formosae n. sp. is described for the Paraguay river basin, Argentina. It can be distinguished from all other Hypostomus by having the combination of the following features: dorsum of head, body and all fins bright grey covered by numerous rounded dark dots and 11 ventral plates between end of anal-fin base and caudal fin (vs. more than 11). In addition, the new species is distinguished from the most similar sympatric species, H. boulengeri by slightly higher cleithral width, dorsal-fin base length, caudal-peduncle depth and by narrower caudal-peduncle length, eye diameter and mandibulary ramus length. Hypostomus formosae belongs to the Amazonian "H. plecostomus species group" and our molecular phylogenetic results show that it is the sister species to the Guianese H. plecostomus, highlighting past inter-basin ichtyofauna exchanges. We also provide detailed record of H. boulengeri for the first time in Argentina, collected in Paraguay river, at Formosa city.Instituto de Limnología "Dr. Raúl A. Ringuelet

A continental-wide molecular approach unraveling mtDNA diversity and geographic distribution of the Neotropical genus Hoplias

With an estimate of around 9,000 species, the Neotropical region hosts the greatest diversity of freshwater fishes of the world. Genetic surveys have the potential to unravel isolated and unique lineages and may result in the identification of undescribed species, accelerating the cataloguing of extant biodiversity. In this paper, molecular diversity within the valuable and widespread Neotropical genus Hoplias was assessed by means of DNA Barcoding. The geographic coverage spanned 40 degrees of latitude from French Guiana to Argentina. Our analyses revealed 22 mitochondrial lineages fully supported by means of Barcode Index Number, Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery and phylogenetic analyses. This mtDNA survey revealed the existence of 15 fully supported mitochondrial lineages within the once considered to be the continentally distributed H. malabaricus. Only four of them are currently described as valid species however, leaving 11 mitochondrial lineages currently “masked” within this species complex. Mean genetic divergence was 13.1%. Barcoding gap analysis discriminated 20 out of the 22 lineages tested. Phylogenetic analyses showed that all taxonomically recognized species form monophyletic groups. Hoplias malabaricus sensu stricto clustered within a large clade, excluding the representatives of the La Plata River Basin. In the H. lacerdae group, all species but H. curupira showed a cohesive match between taxonomic and molecular identification. Two different genetic lineages were recovered for H. aimara. Given the unexpected hidden mitochondrial diversity within H. malabaricus, the COI sequence composition of specimens from Suriname (the type locality), identified as H. malabaricus sensu stricto, is of major importance.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse

Unexpected species diversity in electric eels with a description of the strongest living bioelectricity generator

Is there only one electric eel species? For two and a half centuries since its description by Linnaeus, Electrophorus electricus has captivated humankind by its capacity to generate strong electric discharges. Despite the importance of Electrophorus in multiple fields of science, the possibility of additional species-level diversity in the genus, which could also reveal a hidden variety of substances and bioelectrogenic functions, has hitherto not been explored. Here, based on overwhelming patterns of genetic, morphological, and ecological data, we reject the hypothesis of a single species broadly distributed throughout Greater Amazonia. Our analyses readily identify three major lineages that diverged during the Miocene and Pliocene—two of which warrant recognition as new species. For one of the new species, we recorded a discharge of 860 V, well above 650 V previously cited for Electrophorus, making it the strongest living bioelectricity generator. © 2019, The Author(s)

A database of freshwater fish species of the Amazon Basin

The Amazon Basin is an unquestionable biodiversity hotspot, containing the highest freshwater biodiversity on earth and facing off a recent increase in anthropogenic threats. The current knowledge on the spatial distribution of the freshwater fish species is greatly deficient in this basin, preventing a comprehensive understanding of this hyper-diverse ecosystem as a whole. Filling this gap was the priority of a transnational collaborative project, i.e. the AmazonFish project - https://www.amazon-fish.com/. Relying on the outputs of this project, we provide the most complete fish species distribution records covering the whole Amazon drainage. The database, including 2,406 validated freshwater native fish species, 232,936 georeferenced records, results from an extensive survey of species distribution including 590 different sources (e.g. published articles, grey literature, online biodiversity databases and scientific collections from museums and universities worldwide) and field expeditions conducted during the project. This database, delivered at both georeferenced localities (21,500 localities) and sub-drainages grains (144 units), represents a highly valuable source of information for further studies on freshwater fish biodiversity, biogeography and conservation

Phylogénie et évolution d’une sous-famille très diversifiée de poissons-chats : les Loricariinae (Siluriformes, Loricariidae)

The Loricariinae belong to the Neotropical mailed catfish family Loricariidae, the mostspeciose catfish family in the world, and are united by a long and flattened caudal peduncle and the absence of an adipose fin. Despite numerous works conducted on this group, no phylogeny is presently available. Prior to conduct evolutionary studies, an exhaustive and robust phylogeny was reconstructed using mitochondrial and nuclear data. Then, this phylogeny was used in multivariate and multi-table analyses to reveal the main evolutionary trends of the subfamily. The resulting phylogeny indicated that the Harttiini tribe, as classically defined, formed a paraphyletic assemblage and was restricted to three genera, and within the Loricariini tribe, two sister subtribes were distinguished, Farlowellina and Loricariina, both displaying complex evolutionary patterns. In addition several new taxa were highlighted and described. Subsequently using this phylogeny as exploratory tool, we demonstrated: (1) using co-inertia analysis that the diagnostic features provided to define the different genera were phylogenetically dependent; (2) using multiple co-inertia analysis that the underlying evolutionary forces shaping their diversification included intraphenotypic (morphology and genetics) and extraphenotypic (ecology and distribution) components; (3) using the RLQ analysis that co-dispersion events occurred between co-distributed species responsible for the current fish distribution; and (4) using the multi-scale pattern analysis that the co-evolution in traits related to the mouth characteristics was linked to reproductive functions responsible for a tertiary evolution of this organ.Les Loricariinae appartiennent à la famille des poissons-chats néotropicaux cuirassés Loricariidae, la famille de poissons-chats la plus riche en espèce au monde, et se caractérisent par un pédoncule caudal long et aplati et par l’absence de nageoire adipeuse. Préalablement aux études évolutives réalisées, une phylogénie exhaustive et robuste a été établie sur la base de données mitochondriales et nucléaires. Cette phylogénie a ensuite été utilisée dans des analyses multivariées et multi-tableaux afin de révéler les principales tendances évolutives de la sous-famille. La phylogénie obtenue indique que la tribu Harttiini forme un groupe paraphylétique et est restreinte à trois genres, et que dans la tribu Loricariini, deux sous-tribus soeurs se distinguent, les Farlowellina et les Loricariina, chacune présentant des patterns évolutifs complexes. Plusieurs nouveaux taxa ont aussi été mis en évidence et décrits. En utilisant la phylogénie comme outil exploratoire, nous avons démontré : (1) avec l’analyse de co-inertie que les caractères diagnostiques fournis pour définir les différents genres étaient sous dépendance phylogénétique ; (2) avec l’analyse de co-inertie multiple que les forces évolutives sous-jacentes dirigeant leur diversification incluaient des composantes intraphénotypiques (morphologie et génétique) et extraphénotypique (écologie et distribution) ; (3) avec l’analyse RLQ que des évènements de co-dispersion entre espèces codistribuées avaient eu lieu et étaient responsables de la distribution actuelle des espèces ; et (4) avec l’analyse de patterns multi-échelles que la co-évolution des traits liés aux caractéristiques de la bouche était liée à des fonctions reproductrices responsables d’une évolution tertiaire de cet organe

Phylogeny and evolution of a highly diversified catfish subfamily: the Loricariinae (Siluriformes, Loricariidae)

The Loricariinae belong to the Neotropical mailed catfish family Loricariidae. A first exhaustive and robust phylogeny of this group was reconstructed using mitochondrial and nuclear data. The resulting phylogeny indicated that the Harttiini tribe formed a paraphyletic assemblage, and within the Loricariini tribe, two sister subtribes were distinguished, Farlowellina and Loricariina. Subsequently using this phylogeny as exploratory tool, we demonstrated: (1) using co-inertia analysis that the diagnostic features provided to define the different genera were phylogenetically dependent; (2) using multiple co-inertia analysis that the underlying evolutionary forces shaping their diversification included intraphenotypic (morphology and genetics) and extraphenotypic (ecology and distribution) components; (3) using the RLQ analysis that co-dispersion events occurred between co-distributed species responsible for the current fish distribution; and (4) using the multi-scale pattern analysis that the co-evolution in traits related to the mouth characteristics was linked to reproductive functions responsible for a tertiary evolution of this organ

Formation en officine : prise en charge de la femme enceinte à l’officine. connaissances des équipes officinales et analyse des projets d’entreprises

La grossesse et l'allaitement représentent un sujet technique au vu des nombreuses modifications physiologiques qu’ils engendrent. C’est un sujet universel. Être à l’aise et compétent au comptoir sur ce sujet est pertinent au vu de l’approche de plus en plus clinique du pharmacien en officine. De ce fait, la mise en place d’une stratégie officinale impliquant toute l’équipe est essentielle. Les études actuelles portent principalement sur l’utilisation, la prescription ou le changement pharmacocinétique des médicaments au cours de la grossesse. Peu s'intéresse à l’exercice officinal. L’objectif est d’étudier l’état des connaissances des équipes officinales sur le sujet et le projet d’entreprise développé par les titulaires d’officine pour l’accueil et la prise en charge des femmes enceintes à l’officine. Les connaissances et les compétences des équipes officinales ont été explorées à travers un panel de 129 répondants sous la forme d’un QCM. Une analyse quantitative a été réalisée. Au cours d’un entretien semi-directif, les titulaires ont exposé leur projet d’entreprise actuel autour de la femme enceinte et du bébé. Une analyse thématique des entretiens a été conduite ensuite. Il en ressort que le projet d’entreprise est considéré par la plupart des titulaires mais l’outillage pour sa mise en place est encore immature. L’ensemble des équipes officinales s’accorde sur le grand intérêt à être compétent sur le sujet et le besoin de formation. Les connaissances et compétences des équipes restent fragiles et peuvent être améliorées. Afin de compléter et d’affirmer notre étude, il serait intéressant de connaître l’attente que les autres professionnels de santé et la patientèle ont de nous, officinaux, dans la prise en charge de la femme enceinte. Ainsi les formations initiales et continues des équipes officinales pourraient être intensifiées. Elles permettront de mieux définir le projet d’entreprise afin d’avoir un service rendu optimal auprès de la patientèle. Ce serait un véritable challenge interprofessionnel pour améliorer la prise en charge de cette dernière