132 research outputs found
The Making of International Environmental Agreements
We examine in this paper the formation and the stability of international environmental agreements when cooperation means to commit to a minimum abatement level. Each country decides whether to ratify the agreement and this latter enters into force only if it is ratified by a number of countries at least equal to some ratification threshold. We analyze the role played by ratification threshold rules and provide conditions for international environmental agreements to enter into force. We show that a large typology of agreements can enter into force among the one constituted by the grand coalition.International Environmental Agreement,
Ătude pĂ©trographique et gĂ©ochimique de la formation de Chibougamau, QuĂ©bec, Canada
La Formation de Chibougamau, d'Ăąge PalĂ©oprotĂ©rozoĂŻque, se situe aux alentours de la ville de Chibougamau (QuĂ©bec, Canada). Cette formation clastique se compose de conglomĂ©rats, de grĂšs, de diamictites et de laminites granoclassĂ©es. Les Ă©tudes antĂ©rieures ont conclu que cette formation est d'origine glaciaire Ă paraglaciaire. Cette hypothĂšse de genĂšse s'appuie notamment sur la prĂ©sence de laminites granoclassĂ©es encaissant des dropstones qui sont associĂ©es Ă des diamictites, roches pouvant ĂȘtre, entre autres, formĂ©es par l'action des glaciers. Cependant, des preuves indubitables d'une origine glaciaire sont absentes : - aucun claste Ă surface striĂ©e et facettĂ©e n'est recensĂ©; - le substratum archĂ©en ne montre aucune abrasion due au passage d'un glacier; et - aucune sĂ©quence d'argilite varvĂ©e n'est prĂ©sente. Cette absence d'Ă©vidences de glaciations et la dĂ©couverte rĂ©cente d'indices de mĂ©tamorphisme de choc au sein de la Formation de Chibougamau, ont contraint Ă entreprendre des recherches portant sur la genĂšse de la formation. Les Ă©tudes pĂ©trographiques ont mis en Ă©vidence de nombreux indices de mĂ©tamorphisme de choc indubitablement associĂ©s Ă un impact mĂ©tĂ©oritique. Ces indices sont : - des figures de dĂ©formations planaires affectant des minĂ©raux de quartz et de feldspaths ; - des Ă©chardes de verre de haute pression non altĂ©rĂ©es et du verre diaplectique altĂ©rĂ© au sein d'une matrice fragmentaire ; - de la maskĂ©lynite ; - des amygales indicatrices d'une fonte ; - des textures en mosaĂŻque ; et - des rnicrobrĂšches comportant dans certains cas une matrice de verre dĂ©vitrifiĂ©. Ces nouvelles dĂ©couvertes suggĂšrent une rĂ©interprĂ©tation de la genĂšse de la Formation de Chibougamau par des processus d'impact mĂ©tĂ©oritique. L'hypothĂšse d'un Ă©jecta d'impact est favorisĂ©e par les observations pĂ©trographiques, mais ne pourrait ĂȘtre gĂ©nĂ©ralisĂ©e Ă l'ensemble de la formation, puisque les conglomĂ©rats et certaines diamictites, porteurs d'indices de mĂ©tamorphisme de choc, encaissent une grande quantitĂ© de clastes arrondis non impactĂ©s. Ces unitĂ©s suggĂšrent ainsi un remaniement de l'Ă©jecta source. Cette hypothĂšse semble soutenue par les relations stratigraphiques de la formation. En effet, Ă la base se trouve un conglomĂ©rat non affectĂ© par le mĂ©tamorphisme de choc qui est recouvert par une unitĂ© diarnictique, interprĂ©tĂ©e comme l'Ă©jecta d'impact, le tout surmontĂ© par un conglomĂ©rat similaire Ă l'unitĂ© basale mais porteur de quelques indices de mĂ©tamorphisme de choc dĂ©rivant de l'Ă©rosion de l'Ă©jecta sous-jacent. Ces relations stratigraphiques suggĂšrent donc un impact pĂ©nĂ©contemporain aux dĂ©pĂŽts de grande sĂ©quence conglomĂ©ratique alors que la nature du dĂ©pĂŽt d'Ă©jecta suspectĂ© suggĂšre un environnement supra Ă intertidal. La prĂ©sence de clastes de carbonate oolithique et de carbonate, dĂ©rivant probablement des roches du Groupe de Mistassini, favorise un Ăąge maximum Ă 2,2 Ga. De plus, les figures de dĂ©formations n'affectant que des clastes de roches quartzofeldspathiques et la prĂ©sence de fragments de carbonate Ă cĆur de verre diaplectique favorisent un lieu d'impact en domaine continental, probablement dans un bassin intracratonique peu profond. L'absence de sphĂ©rules de verre au sein de la formation indique le caractĂšre proximal de l'Ă©jecta et favorise donc un lieu d'impact sur ou proche de la Province du SupĂ©rieur.\ud
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MOTS-CLĂS DE LâAUTEUR : gĂ©ologie, Ă©jecta, impactite, mĂ©tamorphisme de choc, Chibougamau, Abitibi
The making of international environmental agreements
We examine in this paper the formation and the stability of international environmental agreements when cooperation means to commit to a minimum abatement level. Each country decides whether to ratify the agreement and this latter enters into force only if it is ratified by a number of countries at least equal to some ratification threshold. We analyze the role played by ratification threshold rules and provide conditions for international environmental agreements to enter into force. We show that a large typology of agreements can enter into force among the one constituted by the grand coalition
The CaliPhoto Method
International audienceWe propose an innovative method based on photography and image processing of interdisciplinary relevance, permitting the uncomplicated and inexpensive evaluation of material properties. This method-CaliPhoto-consists of using a dedicated colour plate with a specific design, placed in the field of view of a photograph of the material to be characterized. A specific image processing workflow is then applied to obtain colour vectors independent of illumination conditions. The method works using commercial colour cameras (e.g., smartphone cameras), and the colour plate can be printed on any colour printer. Herein, we describe the principle of the method and demonstrate that it can be used to describe and compare samples, identify materials or make relatively precise concentration measurements. The CaliPhoto method is highly complementary to any scientific research and may find applications across a range of domains, from planetary science to oceanography. The method may also be widely used in industry
Damage costs from invasive species exceed management expenditure in nations experiencing lower economic activity
Financial disclosure The InvaCost project was funded by the French National Research Agency (ANR-14-CE02-0021), the BNP-Paribas Foundation Climate Initiative, the AXA Research Fund Chair of Invasion Biology of University Paris Saclay and by the BiodivERsA and Belmont-Forum call 2018 on biodiversity scenarios (AlienScenarios; BMBF/PT DLR 01LC1807C). M.K. received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research programme under a Marie SkĆodowska-Curie grant agreement 899546. C.J.A.B. acknowledges the Australian Research Council (CE170100015) for support. A.B. acknowledges Azim Premji University's grants programme (UNIV-RC00326) for support.Peer reviewe
Wafer-scale detachable monocrystalline Germanium nanomembranes for the growth of III-V materials and substrate reuse
Germanium (Ge) is increasingly used as a substrate for high-performance
optoelectronic, photovoltaic, and electronic devices. These devices are usually
grown on thick and rigid Ge substrates manufactured by classical wafering
techniques. Nanomembranes (NMs) provide an alternative to this approach while
offering wafer-scale lateral dimensions, weight reduction, limitation of waste,
and cost effectiveness. Herein, we introduce the Porous germanium Efficient
Epitaxial LayEr Release (PEELER) process, which consists of the fabrication of
wafer-scale detachable monocrystalline Ge NMs on porous Ge (PGe) and substrate
reuse. We demonstrate monocrystalline Ge NMs with surface roughness below 1 nm
on top of nanoengineered void layer enabling layer detachment. Furthermore,
these Ge NMs exhibit compatibility with the growth of III-V materials.
High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) characterization shows
Ge NMs crystallinity and high-resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) reciprocal
space mapping endorses high-quality GaAs layers. Finally, we demonstrate the
chemical reconditioning process of the Ge substrate, allowing its reuse, to
produce multiple free-standing NMs from a single parent wafer. The PEELER
process significantly reduces the consumption of Ge during the fabrication
process which paves the way for a new generation of low-cost flexible
optoelectronics devices.Comment: 17 pages and 6 figures along with 3 figures in supporting informatio
Death and the Societies of Late Antiquity
Ce volume bilingue, comprenant un ensemble de 28 contributions disponibles en français et en anglais (dans leur version longue ou abrĂ©gĂ©e), propose dâĂ©tablir un Ă©tat des lieux des rĂ©flexions, recherches et Ă©tudes conduites sur le fait funĂ©raire Ă lâĂ©poque tardo-antique au sein des provinces de lâEmpire romain et sur leurs rĂ©gions limitrophes, afin dâouvrir de nouvelles perspectives sur ses Ă©volutions possibles. Au cours des trois derniĂšres dĂ©cennies, les transformations considĂ©rables des mĂ©thodologies dĂ©ployĂ©es sur le terrain et en laboratoire ont permis un renouveau des questionnements sur les populations et les pratiques funĂ©raires de lâAntiquitĂ© tardive, pĂ©riode marquĂ©e par de multiples changements politiques, sociaux, dĂ©mographiques et culturels. Lâapparition de ce qui a Ă©tĂ© initialement dĂ©signĂ© comme une « Anthropologie de terrain », qui fut le dĂ©but de la dĂ©marche archĂ©othanatologique, puis le rĂ©cent dĂ©veloppement dâapproches collaboratives entre des domaines scientifiques divers (archĂ©othanatologie, biochimie et gĂ©ochimie, gĂ©nĂ©tique, histoire, Ă©pigraphie par exemple) ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©cisives pour le renouvellement des problĂ©matiques dâĂ©tude : rĂ©vision dâanciens concepts comme apparition dâaxes dâanalyse inĂ©dits. Les recherches rassemblĂ©es dans cet ouvrage sont articulĂ©es autour de quatre grands thĂšmes : lâĂ©volution des pratiques funĂ©raires dans le temps, lâidentitĂ© sociale dans la mort, les ensembles funĂ©raires en transformation (organisation et topographie) et les territoires de lâempire (du cĆur aux marges). Ces Ă©tudes proposent un rĂ©examen et une rĂ©vision des donnĂ©es, tant anthropologiques quâarchĂ©ologiques ou historiques sur lâAntiquitĂ© tardive, et rĂ©vĂšlent, Ă cet Ă©gard, une mosaĂŻque de paysages politiques, sociaux et culturels singuliĂšrement riches et complexes. Elles accroissent nos connaissances sur le traitement des dĂ©funts, lâemplacement des aires funĂ©raires ou encore la structure des sĂ©pultures, en rĂ©vĂ©lant une diversitĂ© de pratiques, et permettent au final de relancer la rĂ©flexion sur la maniĂšre dont les sociĂ©tĂ©s tardo-antiques envisagent la mort et sur les Ă©lĂ©ments permettant dâidentifier et de dĂ©finir la diversitĂ© des groupes qui les composent. Elles dĂ©montrent ce faisant que nous pouvons vĂ©ritablement apprĂ©hender les structures culturelles et sociales des communautĂ©s anciennes et leurs potentielles transformations, Ă partir de lâĂ©tude des pratiques funĂ©raires.This bilingual volume proposes to draw up an assessment of the recent research conducted on funerary behavior during Late Antiquity in the provinces of the Roman Empire and on their borders, in order to open new perspectives on its possible developments. The considerable transformations of the methodologies have raised the need for a renewal of the questions on the funerary practices during Late Antiquity, a period marked by multiple political, social, demographic and cultural changes. The emergence field anthropology, which was the beginning of archaeothanatology, and then the recent development of collaborative approaches between various scientific fields (archaeothanatology, biochemistry and geochemistry, genetics, history, epigraphy, for example), have been decisive. The research collected in this book is structured around four main themes: Evolution of funerary practices over time; Social identity through death; Changing burial grounds (organisation and topography); Territories of the Empire (from the heart to the margins). These studies propose a review and a revision of the data, both anthropological and archaeological or historical on Late Antiquity, and reveal a mosaic of political, social, and cultural landscapes singularly rich and complex. In doing so, they demonstrate that we can truly understand the cultural and social structures of ancient communities and their potential transformations, based on the study of funerary practices
COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study
Background:
The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms.
Methods:
International, prospective observational study of 60â109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms.
Results:
âTypicalâ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (â€â18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (â„â70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each Pâ<â0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country.
Interpretation:
This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men
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