Custom and common sense: The Zulu Royal family succession dispute of the 1940s

African Studies Seminar series. Paper presented 6 May, 1996In November 1981 the historian Nicholas Cope tracked down Tandayipi Absolom kaSolomon Zulu to a bottle store outside Nongoma, Zululand. Once a contender for the royal throne of the Zulus, Tandayipi was now an alcoholic who spent 'most of his days in the bottle store.' But the ravages of liquor had not completely stripped the memory of those times from Tandayipi's mind. 'I was displaced', the old Zulu recalled of his abortive succession, 'If I was another chap... I had followers... I should have done a great mischief', But the mischief never happened. As Tandayipi admitted, 'I simply put my head down like a worm, till now', Almost forty years later he was still reluctant to talk, and steered the interview onto other topics. The disputed succession to Solomon kaDinuzulu Zulu forms the subject of this paper. It is a story with a fair share of drama, sex and violence. As the Chief Native Commissioner of Natal remarked of the affair, 'The history of the Zulu Royal House is one long story of intrigue'. Yet the fascinating realm of Zulu politics Cbyzantine' was Shula Marks's adjective) is only background to the story told here. The focus, rather, is on the dispute as a window into the creation of a form of customary law ('native law') in Natal, and its application by Native Commissioners and the 'native courts'

Customary law and the government of Africans in South Africa in the transition to a unitary state

African Studies Seminar series. Paper presented 25 May, 1998'The way in which white has governed black in South Africa during approximately the past century', formed the focus of Edgar Brookes's History of Native Policy published in 1924.' Over the years, colonialism, segregation and apartheid have served as alternative labels for 'native policy', purported answers to the question 'What is the appropriate manner in which to govern Africans?' Responses to this question, and the particular role of customary law, form the subject of this paper, and its argument that by the end of the nineteenth century, the ground had been laid, in the Cape and Natal, for the recognition of African forms of government, including customary law, a development which may be located in the philosophies of indirect rule and liberalism. Africans were to be governed by 'traditional' structures, while the imperatives of progress were heeded by providing for the development of individuals

Analisa Kapasitas Struktur Intake Rumah Pompa Karang Anyar, Pulokerto

Intake Building Structure is a Pier Type Structure that is used as a building for the distribution of clean water. This structure stands on a stake that stands on the edge of the river, as a pier-type building that accepts the load of river currents and pump vibration loads, it is necessary to analyze the maximum capacity, economical and also sturdy. There are several important aspects that must be reviewed to get the maximum design, including water current load, soil load, pump vibration load and also earthquake load in the form of spketrum response based on Palembang area. The design reference used is SNI1727-2013 and SNI 1726-2002.  Based on the analysis, the intake structure was obtained in the form of reinforced concrete structures on the floor area and pilecap while for the foundation of the stake in the form of composite steel, columns and beams because it supports a heavy enough load, the profile steel is used

(Almost) complete characterization of stability of a discrete-time Hawkes process with inhibition and memory of length two

We consider a discrete-time version of a Hawkes process defined as a Poisson auto-regressive process whose parameters depend on the past of the trajectory. We allow these parameters to take on negative values, modelling inhibition. More precisely, the model is the stochastic process $(X_n)_{n\ge0}$ with parameters $a_1,\ldots,a_p \in \mathbb{R}$, $p\in\mathbb{N}$ and $\lambda \ge 0$, such that for all $n\ge p$, conditioned on $X_0,\ldots,X_{n-1}$, $X_n$ is Poisson distributed with parameter $$\left(a_1 X_{n-1} + \cdots + a_p X_{n-p} + \lambda \right)_+$$ We consider specifically the case $p = 2$, for which we are able to classify the asymptotic behavior of the process for the whole range of parameters, except for boundary cases. In particular, we show that the process remains stochastically bounded whenever the linear recurrence equation $x_n = a_1x_{n-1} + a_2x_{n-1} + \lambda$ remains bounded, but the converse is not true. Relatedly, the criterion for stochastic boundedness is not symmetric in $a_1$ and $a_2$, in contrast to the case of non-negative parameters, illustrating the complex effects of inhibition

Properties of the open cluster Tombaugh 1 from high resolution spectroscopy and uvbyCaHβ\beta photometry

Open clusters can be the key to deepen our knowledge on various issues involving the structure and evolution of the Galactic disk and details of stellar evolution because a cluster's properties are applicable to all its members. However the number of open clusters with detailed analysis from high resolution spectroscopy and/or precision photometry imposes severe limitation on studies of these objects. To expand the number of open clusters with well-defined chemical abundances and fundamental parameters, we investigate the poorly studied, anticenter open cluster Tombaugh 1. Using precision uvbyCaH$\beta$ photometry and high resolution spectroscopy, we derive the cluster's properties and, for the first time, present detailed abundance analysis of 10 potential cluster stars. Using radial position from the cluster center and multiple color indices, we have isolated a sample of unevolved probable, single-star members of Tombaugh 1. The weighted photometric metallicity from $m_1$ and $hk$ is [Fe/H] = -0.10 $\pm$ 0.02, while a match to the Victoria-Regina Str\"{o}mgren isochrones leads to an age of 0.95 $\pm$ 0.10 Gyr and an apparent modulus of $(m-M)$ = 13.10 $\pm$ 0.10. Radial velocities identify 6 giants as probable cluster members and the elemental abundances of Fe, Na, Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Ti, Cr, Ni, Y,Ba, Ce, and Nd have been derived for both the cluster and the field stars. Tombaugh 1 appears to be a typical inner thin disk, intermediate-age open cluster of slightly subsolar metallicity, located just beyond the solar circle, with solar elemental abundance ratios except for the heavy s-process elements, which are a factor of two above solar. Its metallicity is consistent with a steep metallicity gradient in the galactocentric region between 9.5 and 12 kpc. Our study also shows that Cepheid XZ CMa is not a member of Tombaugh 1, and reveals that this Cepheid presents signs of barium enrichment.Comment: 74 pages, 15 figures, 13 tables; Accepted for publication in A

A regulation-based classification system for marine protected areas: A response to Dudley et al. [9]

Dudley et al. [9] commented on our paper [11], arguing that the current IUCN objective-based categorization of protected areas, which is also used in marine protected areas (MPAs), should not be abandoned and replaced by the new regulation-based classification system [11]. Here we clarify that we do not advocate replacing the current IUCN categories, but highlight the benefits of using both the objective-based IUCN categories and the new regulation-based classification when applied to MPAs. With an increasing number of MPA types being implemented, most of them multiple-use areas zoned for various purposes, assessing ecological and socio-economic benefits is key for advancing conservation targets and policy objectives. Although the IUCN categories can be used both in terrestrial and marine systems, they were not designed to follow a gradient of impacts and there is often a mismatch between stated objectives and implemented regulations. The new regulation-based classification system addresses these problems by linking impacts of activities in marine systems with MPA and zone classes in a simple and globally applicable way. Applying both the IUCN categories and the regulation based classes will increase transparency when assessing marine conservation goals.ERA-Net BiodivERsA project "BUFFER Partially protected areas as buffers to increase the linked social ecological resilience"; national funders ANR (France); FCT (Portugal); FOR-MAS (Sweden); SEPA (Sweden); RCN (Norway); project BUFFER; Fernand Braudel IFER fellowship (Fondation Maison des Sciences de l'Homme); Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT) [UID/MAR/04292/2013

Effects of Rewarding and Unrewarding Experiences on the Response to Host-induced Plant Odors of the Generalist Parasitoid Cotesia marginiventris (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

Associative learning is known to modify foraging behavior in numerous parasitic wasps. This is in agreement with optimal foraging theory, which predicts that the wasps will adapt their responses to specific cues in accordance with the rewards they receive while perceiving these cues. Indeed, the generalist parasitoid Cotesia marginiventris shows increased attraction to a specific plant odor after perceiving this odor during contact with hosts. This positive associative learning is common among many parasitoids, but little is known about the effects of unrewarding host searching events on the attractiveness of odors. To study this, preferences of female C. marginiventris for herbivore-induced odors of three plant species were tested in a six-arm olfactometer after the wasps perceived one of these odors either i) without contacting any caterpillars, ii) while contacting the host caterpillar Spodoptera littoralis, or iii) while contacting the non-host caterpillar Pieris rapae. The results confirm the effects of positive associative learning, but showed no changes in innate responses to the host-induced odors after "negative” experiences. Hence, a positive association is made during an encounter with hosts, but unsuccessful host-foraging experiences do not necessarily lead to avoidance learning in this generalist parasitoi

A UBVI and uvbyCaHbeta Analysis of the Intermediate-Age Open Cluster, NGC 5822

NGC 5822 is a richly populated, moderately nearby, intermediate-age open cluster covering an area larger than the full moon on the sky. A CCD survey of the cluster on the UBVI and uvbyCaHbeta systems shows that the cluster is superposed upon a heavily reddened field of background stars with E(B-V) > 0.35 mag, while the cluster has small and uniform reddening at E(b-y) = 0.075 +/- 0.008 mag or E(B-V) = 0.103 +/- 0.011 mag, based upon 48 and 61 probable A and F dwarf single-star members, respectively. The errors quoted include both internal photometric precision and external photometric uncertainties. The metallicity derived from 61 probable single F-star members is [Fe/H] = -0.058 +/- 0.027 (sem) from m_1 and 0.010 +/- 0.020 (sem) from hk, for a weighted average of [Fe/H] = -0.019 +/- 0.023, where the errors refer to the internal errors from the photometry alone. With reddening and metallicity fixed, the cluster age and apparent distance modulus are obtained through a comparison to appropriate isochrones in both VI and BV, producing 0.9 +/- 0.1 Gyr and 9.85 +/- 0.15, respectively. The giant branch remains dominated by two distinct clumps of stars, though the brighter clump seems a better match to the core-He-burning phase while the fainter clump straddles the first-ascent red giant branch. Four potential new clump members have been identified, equally split between the two groups. Reanalysis of the UBV two-color data extending well down the main sequence shows it to be optimally matched by reddening near E(B-V) = 0.10 rather than the older value of 0.15, leading to [Fe/H] between -0.16 and 0.00 from the ultraviolet excess of the unevolved dwarfs. The impact of the lower reddening and younger age of the cluster on previous analyses of the cluster is discussed.Comment: 20 figures and 5 tables (portions of data tables 3 and 5 only

Rethinking Teacher Quality: Narrow Versus Broad Conceptions of Capability

This paper examines the prevailing notion of teacher quality today. While there is wide agreement that teachers are the primary factor in schools determining student achievement, there is disagreement about which attributes constitute a high-quality teacher. Different approaches to improving teaching spring from different conceptualizations of capability. Since teacher quality consists of particular abilities that allow teachers to excel in their work, we need to understand how the abilities of high quality teachers are acquired, maintained and expanded, or, conversely, how these abilities are unrealized, arrested and diminished. The Strategic Management of Human Capital (SMHC) project represents the dominant approach to improving teacher quality in education policy today. Using Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum\u27s capability approach as a comparative framework, it is argued that SMHC holds a far too narrow conception of capability, resulting in an inadequate evaluation system, overly tight management of teachers\u27 work, and ultimately the maintenance of a broken education policy process. In contrast, the capability approach offers a broad understanding of ability, which allows for a rethinking of teacher quality and education policy