The effect of an additional substitution in association football : evidence from the Italian Serie A

The substitution of players during a match has been one of the most significant changes in the Laws of the Game of the association football. FIFA regulated its application in the 1970 World Cup by establishing two replacements, which were expanded to three in 1995. The experimental introduction in 2016 of a fourth replacement during the extra time of several tournaments (the Olympic Games, the FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup and the FIFA Club World Cup) as a previous step to a possible application in next 2018 World Cup makes advisable to study how coaches reacted to an additional substitution in past situations. The present research examines coaches' behavior before and after the FIFA regulatory reform in 1995 that authorized the third replacement. For this, substitutions made in the Italian Serie A during the seasons 1994-95 and 1995-96 are analyzed. Our hypothesis is that teams made more physiological substitutions than tactical ones, which would reflect in a higher proportion of neutral substitutions (replacements of players who belong to the same positions). The results from the estimated discrete choice models found evidence of a change in the coaches' behavior giving preference to neutral replacements over tactical substitutions, probably to maintain the game intensity and prevent injuries.La sustitución de jugadores durante un partido ha sido uno de los cambios más significativos en las Reglas de Juego de la FIFA. Ésta reguló su aplicación en el Mundial de 1970 mediante el establecimiento de dos cambios que fueron ampliados a tres en 1995. La introducción experimental en 2016 de una cuarta sustitución durante el tiempo extra de varias competiciones (Juegos Olímpicos, Copa Mundial Femenina Sub-20 y la Copa Mundial de clubes de la FIFA) como paso previo a su posible uso en la próxima Copa del Mundo de 2018 hace recomendable analizar cómo los entrenadores reaccionaron a una sustitución adicional en situaciones pasadas. La presente investigación examina el comportamiento de los entrenadores antes y después de la reforma del reglamento de la FIFA en 1995 que autorizó una tercera sustitución. Para ello, se analizan las sustituciones realizadas en la Serie A italiana durante las temporadas 1994-95 y 1995-96. Nuestra hipótesis es que los equipos hicieron más sustituciones de carácter fisiológico que de tipo táctico, lo cual se reflejaría en una mayor proporción de sustituciones neutras (sustituciones de jugadores que pertenecen a las mismas posiciones). Los resultados de los modelos de elección discreta estimados muestran, efectivamente, evidencia de un cambio en el comportamiento de los entrenadores que otorgaron preferencia a las sustituciones neutras, probablemente para mantener la intensidad del juego y evitar lesiones

Lipoprotein a: Extreme Elevation and Genetic Polymorphism Association with Cardiac and Vascular Lesions Evaluated by Computed Tomography

Introducción: La lipoproteína a [Lp(a)] es una partícula compleja, similar a una lipoproteína de baja densidad, asociada con una molécula de apolipoproteína “a” [apo(a)]. La concentración elevada de Lp(a) plasmática se asocia con riesgo aumentado de enfermedad coronaria y de calcificación valvular aórtica. El riesgo inherente a esta relación está determinado principalmente por factores genéticos. Objetivos: Analizar un grupo de pacientes con elevaciones extremas de Lp(a) [> 100 mg/dl], su asociación con calcificaciones cardiovasculares torácicas (valvulares, coronarias, aorta torácica) detectadas mediante tomografía axial computarizada y evaluar tres polimorfismos genéticos vinculados con los niveles de Lp(a) y lesiones en estas tres regiones. Material y métodos: Se estudiaron 40 pacientes en los que se analizaron los polimorfismos rs10455872 y rs2048327 mediante high resolution melting y el número de repeticiones de la secuencia KIV del exón 2 del gen LPA mediante qPCR. El promedio de edad de los pacientes fue de 52,9 años (37% mujeres) y el valor promedio de Lp(a) fue de 170,4 mg/dl. Resultados: El 75% (30/40) de los pacientes presentó al menos una calcificación en la tomografía (valvular, coronaria y/o aorta torácica); de los pacientes con calcificaciones, el 90% presentaron al menos uno de los factores genéticos asociados con mayor patogenicidad de la Lp(a). Conclusión: En un grupo de pacientes con niveles elevados de Lp(a) encontramos un número importante de calcificaciones cardiovasculares torácicas y determinantes genéticos asociados con diferentes isoformas de Lp(a), que podrían ocasionar los niveles elevados de Lp(a) y el riesgo de desarrollo de lesiones valvulares y/o vasculares.Background: Lipoprotein a [Lp(a)] has a complex structure, similar to low density lipoprotein, associated with one molecule of apolipoprotein a [apo(a)]. Elevated plasma levels of Lp(a) are related to greater risk of coronary artery disease and calcification of the aortic valve. This risk is mainly determined by genetic factors. Objectives: The aim of this study was to analyze a group of patients with extreme Lp(a) levels [>100 mg/dL] and their association with calcifications of the aortic valve, coronary arteries and thoracic aorta detected by computed tomography scan, and to evaluate three genetic polymorphisms associated with Lp(a) levels and lesions in these three regions. Methods: rs10455872 and rs2048327 polymorphisms were analyzed in 40 patients using high resolution melting and the number of KIV-2 repeats in the LPA gene was evaluated using quantitative PCR. Patient mean age was 52.9 years (37% women) and mean Lp(a) was 170.4 mg/dL. Results: Seventy-five percent of patients (30/40) presented at least one calcification in the computed tomography scan (valves, coronary arteries and/or thoracic aorta), and among them, 90% had at least one of the genetic factors associated with Lp(a) pathogenicity. Conclusion: In a group of patients with elevated Lp(a) levels, we found a significant number of cardiovascular thoracic calcifications and genetic determinants associated with different Lp(a) isoforms that could be related with elevated Lp(a) levels and high risk of developing valve or vascular lesions.Fil: Corral, Pablo Cesar. Universidad FASTA "Santo Tomas de Aquino"; ArgentinaFil: Rodríguez, Marcelo. Clínica Colón; ArgentinaFil: Quintana, Silvina. Fares Taie Instituto de Análisis; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Quirós, Diego. Clínica Colón; ArgentinaFil: Sigismondi, Mario. Universidad FASTA "Santo Tomas de Aquino"; Argentin

Precise 210Pb determination with high-efficiency gamma spectrometry for dating of marine sedimentary cores

[EN]In order to establish the chronology of deep-sea sediments from high-resolution 210Pb-dating, the determination of 210Pb and 226Ra activity concentrations needs to be improved. Gamma spectrometry allows determining simultaneously both radionuclides. However, spectrum background is still an issue to obtain high sensitivity. Four deep-sea sediment cores were dated using Mazinger, a gamma spectrometer with high-efficiency and very low-background, and the Constant Rate and Supply model was applied to obtain recent age

Qualité de la Connaissance dans un Processus Délibératif

Les évaluations scientifiques des risques complexes tels que le changement de climat, la perte de biodiversité, l'épuisement des ressources naturelles, les nanotechnologies ou les perturbateurs endocriniens, par exemple, sont confrontées à un certain nombre d¿incertitudes qui revêtent des formes diverses, dicilement appréhendables, de manière ecace, dans la pratique (Ambrosi et Courtois,2004). Pourtant, des décisions doivent être prises et ce, avant que des preuves concluantes ne soient disponibles, tout en sachant que les impacts potentiels de fausses décisions peuvent être tout aussi importants. Selon la conception classique du conseil scientifique aux décideurs, la certitude est nécessaire à la gestion des problèmes complexes. Cependant, l¿incertitude fait partie de la vie. C¿est dans cette perspective que cet article se situe, en posant la question de la validité et de la pertinence de la connaissance scientifique pour traiter de problèmes complexes.JRC.G.9-Econometrics and statistical support to antifrau

A multi-wavelength survey of AGN in the XMM-LSS field: I. Quasar selection via the KX technique

AIMS: We present a sample of candidate quasars selected using the KX-technique. The data cover 0.68 deg^2 of the X-ray Multi-Mirror (XMM) Large-Scale Structure (LSS) survey area where overlapping multi-wavelength imaging data permits an investigation of the physical nature of selected sources. METHODS: The KX method identifies quasars on the basis of their optical (R and z') to near-infrared (Ks) photometry and point-like morphology. We combine these data with optical (u*,g'r',i',z') and mid-infrared (3.6-24 micron) wavebands to reconstruct the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of candidate quasars. RESULTS: Of 93 sources selected as candidate quasars by the KX method, 25 are classified as quasars by the subsequent SED analysis. Spectroscopic observations are available for 12/25 of these sources and confirm the quasar hypothesis in each case. Even more, 90% of the SED-classified quasars show X-ray emission, a property not shared by any of the false candidates in the KX-selected sample. Applying a photometric redshift analysis to the sources without spectroscopy indicates that the 25 sources classified as quasars occupy the interval 0.7 < z < 2.5. The remaining 68/93 sources are classified as stars and unresolved galaxies.Comment: 13 pages, 9 figures, A&A 494, p. 579-589. Replaced with published version. Fig. 9 in first astro-ph submission has been update

Long-term effect of a dietary intervention with two-healthy dietary approaches on food intake and nutrient density in coronary patients: results from the CORDIOPREV trial

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of disease burden in the world by non-communicable diseases. Nutritional interventions promoting high-quality dietary patterns with low caloric intake value and high nutrient density (ND) could be linked to a better control of CVD risk and recurrence of coronary disease. This study aims to assess the effects of a dietary intervention based on MedDiet or Low-Fat dietary intervention over changes in ND and food intake after 1 and 7 years of follow-up of the CORDIOPREV study. Methods: We prospectively analyzed the results of the 802 coronary patients randomized to two healthy dietary patterns (MedDiet = 425, Low-Fat Diet = 377) who completed the 7 years of follow-up and had all the dietary data need. Dietary intake information obtained from a validated 137-item Food Frequency Questionnaire was used to calculate 1- and 7-year changes in dietary intake and ND (measured as nutrient intake per 1000 kcal). T test was used to ascertain differences in food intake and ND between groups across follow-up time. Within-subject (dietary allocation group) differences were analyzed with ANOVA repeated measures. Results: From baseline to 7 years of follow-up, significant increases of vegetables, fruits, and whole cereals within groups (p < 0.001) was found. We found a higher increase in dietary intake of certain food groups with MedDiet in comparison with Low-Fat Diet for vegetables (46.1 g/day vs. 18.1 g/day, p < 00.1), fruits (121.3 g/day vs. 72.9 g/day), legumes (4.3 g/day vs. 0.16 g/day) and nuts (7.3 g/day vs. − 3.7 g/day). There was a decrease in energy intake over time in both groups, slightly higher in Low-Fat Diet compared to MedDiet group (− 427.6 kcal/day vs. − 279.8 kcal/day at 1st year, and − 544.6 kcal/day vs. − 215.3 kcal/day after 7 years of follow-up). ND of all the nutrients increased within group across follow-up time, except for Saturated Fatty Acids (SFA), cholesterol and sodium (p < 0.001). Conclusions: A comprehensive dietary intervention improved quality of diet, reducing total energy intake and increasing the intake of healthy food groups and overall ND after 1 year and maintaining this trend after 7 years of follow-up. Our results reinforce the idea of the participation in trials, enhance nutrition literacy and produces better nutritional outcomes in adult patients with established CVD. Clinical trial registry: The trial was registered in 2009 at ClinicalTrials.gov (number NCT00924937)

The Spanish Mediterranean Fishing Guilds (Cofradias): An Example of Collaborative Management with a Key Role in Sustainable Fisheries

[EN] The management of Spanish coastal fisheries is based on a mixed model where the centralised action of the government is combined with the self-organisation of fishers in cofradias (guilds). These institutions have economic and political functions, intermediating between the State and the fishing sector and mediating in the conflicts that may occur. They also have welfare and mutualist tasks. This original and traditional co-management model is part of the social capital of traditional Spanish fishing. The aim of this article is to explore the possibilities of these Spanish fishers' organisations in order to improve the legitimacy of the fishery system and the sustainability of fisheries. Our hypothesis is that updating and adapting some aspects of the cofradias model could produce efficient forms of collaborative management and lead to improvements in the sustainability of fisheries. To validate this hypothesis the study analysed 69 face-to-face interviews in 21 Spanish-Mediterranean guilds. The analysis focused on three core aspects: the control of fishing resources; the integration of fishing knowledge in the management system; and, finally, the guilds contribution to the legitimacy of the system in the eyes of the fishers.This work was supported by National Plan for Scientific and Technological Research and Innovation (Spanish Economy and Competitiveness Ministry). Research Project CSO2016-76135-P. There is no conflict of interest declared in this article.Herrera-Racionero, P.; Lizcano, E.; Miret Pastor, LG.; Mascarell, Y. (2019). The Spanish Mediterranean Fishing Guilds (Cofradias): An Example of Collaborative Management with a Key Role in Sustainable Fisheries. Fisheries. 44(4):172-182. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsh.10224S172182444Alegret J. L.1999.Gestión comunitaria cogestión y mercado. 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Sampling Knowledge: The Hermeneutics of Snowball Sampling in Qualitative Research. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 11(4), 327-344. doi:10.1080/13645570701401305Ostrom, E. (2009). A General Framework for Analyzing Sustainability of Social-Ecological Systems. Science, 325(5939), 419-422. doi:10.1126/science.1172133Pita, P., Fernández-Vidal, D., García-Galdo, J., & Muíño, R. (2016). The use of the traditional ecological knowledge of fishermen, cost-effective tools and participatory models in artisanal fisheries: Towards the co-management of common octopus in Galicia (NW Spain). Fisheries Research, 178, 4-12. doi:10.1016/j.fishres.2015.07.021Producer organisations are officially recognised bodies set up by fishery or aquaculture producers. They play an essential role in running the European Common Fisheries Policy.State Marine Fishery Law: Law 3/2001 of March 26 2001. BOE (State Official Gazette) number 75. Available:https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2001-600