Malarial hemozoin: From target to tool

Malaria is an extremely devastating disease that continues to affect millions of people each year. A distinctive attribute of malaria infected red blood cells is the presence of malarial pigment or so-called hemozoin. Hemozoin is a biocrystal synthesized by Plasmodium and other blood-feeding parasites to avoid the toxicity of free heme derived from the digestion of hemoglobin during invasion of the erythrocytes.Malaria is an extremely devastating disease that continues to affect millions of people each year. A distinctive attribute of malaria infected red blood cells is the presence of malarial pigment or so-called hemozoin. Hemozoin is a biocrystal synthesized by Plasmodium and other blood-feeding parasites to avoid the toxicity of free heme derived from the digestion of hemoglobin during invasion of the erythrocytes.Centro de Biología Celulary Molecularde Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de AltaTecnología, Ciudad del Saber, Panama b Department ofBiotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur 522510, A.P., India c Electricaland Computer Engineering, Clarkson University, Postdam, NY 13699-5720, US

Afectación al principio de igualdad en la responsabilidad restringida por la edad en un distrito judicial 2021

La presente investigación titulada “Afectación al principio de igualdad en la responsabilidad restringida por la edad en una sede judicial – 2021, tuvo como objetivo analizar de qué manera colisiona el segundo párrafo del artículo 22 de la Ley penal (responsabilidad restringida) con el principio de igualdad ante la Ley en la aplicación de las sentencias en un distrito judicial. El tipo de investigación utilizado fue aplicada, de diseño fenomenológico, donde se consideró como escenario de estudio un distrito judicial. Las técnicas utilizadas para el recojo de datos fue el análisis documental y la entrevista. Como instrumentos que se emplearon fueron las fichas y la guía de entrevista. Los participantes de la investigación fueron 7 operadores del derecho entre jueces, fiscales y abogados especialistas. Se encontró que ambas figuras jurídicas se encuentran estrechamente vinculadas, dado que estas en su condición de norma penal y la otra de principio, comparten una complementariedad, así como que es evidente que el artículo 22 del código penal especialmente en su segundo párrafo demuestra la falta de igualdad y la vulneración del presente principio constitucional recogida en el del art 2 de nuestra Carta Magna

Política, vías de comunicación y desarrollo social de Guatemala. La carretera al Atlántico un proyecto revolucionario: Primera etapa 1951-1954

Los estudios relacionados con el análisis del periodo revolucionario guatemalteco 1944-1954 han estado concentrados en temas políticos e ideológicos; basta con realizar una revisión bibliográfica para darse cuenta de esta situación. En este caso el interés por analizar las vías de comunicación en Guatemala, tiene un objetivo interpretar la situación económica social del país durante la deécada de los años cincuenta. A la vez encontrar otras formas que nos ayuden a comprender este importante periodo de la historia contemporánea de Guatemal. En este sentido desde las esferas estatales se contempla fomentar algunos cambios fundamentales en el país donde la construcción de infraestructura vial fu uno de los ejes centrales que se tomaron en cuenta para promover la medernización capitalista del país, as allí donde adquiere significado profundo la carretera al Atlántic

Los juegos cooperativos para la resolución pacífica de los conflictos

https://unadvirtualedu-my.sharepoint.com/:f:/g/personal/ilcoronadoh_unadvirtual_edu_co/EjBW5ambkfJMgP_cNUQWhbkBObbpM1TZd-f6HuNzr_Dvng?e=BhqhgULa presente propuesta pedagógica, tiene como propósito fortalecer la resolución pacífica de los conflictos, debido a la importancia de la sana convivencia, el buen trato, respeto por sí mismos y por los demás. Aceptando las diferencias y semejanzas, rechazando todo tipo de discriminación o exclusión en el salón, obteniendo como finalidad que los niños y niñas aprendan a confiar y a cooperar por medio de los juegos cooperativos, tomando decisiones para el bien del grupo. La población está representada por 18 estudiantes entre los 8 y 9 años de edad, del grado segundo de la institución Brainy Kids del municipio de Valledupar. La metodología que se tuvo en cuenta se basa en un enfoque cualitativo desde un tipo de investigación acción. Se busca fortalecer y comparar las habilidades obtenidas en la resolución pacífica de los conflictos, antes y después de la intervención, se conformó equipos para promover actividades de trabajo participativo y colaborativo, llevándolos a resolver de manera pacífica los problemas, por medio de los juegos cooperativos, donde los estudiantes se relacionaron con respeto con sus compañeros. Se tuvo en cuenta los diarios de campo y la comunicación asertiva, escrita y oral. Los resultados surgen por medio del desarrollo de la secuencia didáctica, donde se tuvo en cuenta el trabajo en equipo y la unión. Solucionaron positivamente los conflictos, durante las tres secciones los estudiantes tomaron decisiones para el bien del grupo, aprendieron y ayudaron a sus compañeros por medio del juego cooperativo, desarrollando en ellos nuevos aprendizajes éticos, humano e integral, fomentando en ellos un espíritu emprendedor donde todos trabajaron colaborativamente, cada estudiante reconoce la importancia de los saberes, como saber comunicarse, saber trabajar en equipo, entre otras. En conclusión, se logró determinar la importancia de trasmitirles a los niños y niñas nuevos saberes como reconocer y comprender soluciones pacíficas en los conflictos, para que sean capaces de analizar, creer y razonar por medio de su conciencia moral, tomando sus propias decisiones, obteniendo como finalidad un aprendizaje significativo y autónomo.The purpose of this pedagogical proposal is to strengthen the peaceful resolution of conflicts, due to the importance of healthy coexistence, good treatment, respect for themselves and for others. Accepting differences and similarities, rejecting any kind of discrimination or exclusion in the room, obtaining as a purpose that children learn to trust and cooperate through cooperative games, making decisions for the good of the group. The population is represented by 18 students between the ages of 8 and 9, from the second grade of the Brainy Kids institution in the municipality of Valledupar. The methodology taken into account is based on a qualitative approach from a type of research action. It seeks to strengthen and compare the skills obtained in the peaceful resolution of conflicts, before and after the intervention, formed teams to promote participatory and collaborative work activities, leading them to solve problems peacefully, through cooperative games, where the students were related with respect and cordial with their peers. Assertive, written and oral communication was taken into account, establishing. The results arise through the development of the didactic sequence, where teamwork and union were taken into account. They resolved the conflicts positively, during the three sections the students made decisions for the good of the group, they learned and helped their peers through cooperative play, developing in them new ethical, human and integral apprenticeships, fostering in them an entrepreneurial spirit where all worked collaboratively, each student recognizes the importance of knowledge, such as knowing how to communicate, how to work as a team, among others. In conclusion, it was possible to determine the importance of transmitting to boys and girls new knowledge such as recognizing and understanding peaceful solutions in conflicts, so that they are able to analyze, believe and reason through their moral conscience, making their own decisions, obtaining as a purpose a meaningful and autonomous learning. Finally, as teachers, it is important to highlight the importance of evaluating the competencies of each student, to implement continuous improvements through different evaluation tools, to enhance the development dimensions of each student

Separation of Plasmodium falciparum Late Stage-infected Erythrocytes by Magnetic Means

Unlike other Plasmodium species, P. falciparum can be cultured in the lab, which facilitates its study 1. While the parasitemia achieved can reach the ≈40% limit, the investigator usually keeps the percentage at around 10%. In many cases it is necessary to isolate the parasite-containing red blood cells (RBCs) from the uninfected ones, to enrich the culture and proceed with a given experiment. When P. falciparum infects the erythrocyte, the parasite degrades and feeds from haemoglobin 2, 3. However, the parasite must deal with a very toxic iron-containing haem moiety 4, 5. The parasite eludes its toxicity by transforming the haem into an inert crystal polymer called haemozoin 6, 7. This iron-containing molecule is stored in its food vacuole and the metal in it has an oxidative state which differs from the one in haem 8. The ferric state of iron in the haemozoin confers on it a paramagnetic property absent in uninfected erythrocytes. As the invading parasite reaches maturity, the content of haemozoin also increases 9, which bestows even more paramagnetism on the latest stages of P. falciparum inside the erythrocyte. Based on this paramagnetic property, the latest stages of P. falciparum infected-red blood cells can be separated by passing the culture through a column containing magnetic beads. These beads become magnetic when the columns containing them are placed on a magnet holder. Infected RBCs, due to their paramagnetism, will then be trapped inside the column, while the flow-through will contain, for the most part, uninfected erythrocytes and those containing early stages of the parasite. Here, we describe the methodology to enrich the population of late stage parasites with magnetic columns, which maintains good parasite viability 10. After performing this procedure, the unattached culture can be returned to an incubator to allow the remaining parasites to continue growing.Unlike other Plasmodium species, P. falciparum can be cultured in the lab, which facilitates its study 1. While the parasitemia achieved can reach the ≈40% limit, the investigator usually keeps the percentage at around 10%. In many cases it is necessary to isolate the parasite-containing red blood cells (RBCs) from the uninfected ones, to enrich the culture and proceed with a given experiment. When P. falciparum infects the erythrocyte, the parasite degrades and feeds from haemoglobin 2, 3. However, the parasite must deal with a very toxic iron-containing haem moiety 4, 5. The parasite eludes its toxicity by transforming the haem into an inert crystal polymer called haemozoin 6, 7. This iron-containing molecule is stored in its food vacuole and the metal in it has an oxidative state which differs from the one in haem 8. The ferric state of iron in the haemozoin confers on it a paramagnetic property absent in uninfected erythrocytes. As the invading parasite reaches maturity, the content of haemozoin also increases 9, which bestows even more paramagnetism on the latest stages of P. falciparum inside the erythrocyte. Based on this paramagnetic property, the latest stages of P. falciparum infected-red blood cells can be separated by passing the culture through a column containing magnetic beads. These beads become magnetic when the columns containing them are placed on a magnet holder. Infected RBCs, due to their paramagnetism, will then be trapped inside the column, while the flow-through will contain, for the most part, uninfected erythrocytes and those containing early stages of the parasite. Here, we describe the methodology to enrich the population of late stage parasites with magnetic columns, which maintains good parasite viability 10. After performing this procedure, the unattached culture can be returned to an incubator to allow the remaining parasites to continue growing

Malarial hemozoin: From target to tool

Malaria is an extremely devastating disease that continues to affect millions of people each year. A distinctive attribute of malaria infected red blood cells is the presence of malarial pigment or the so-called hemozoin. Hemozoin is a biocrystal synthesized by Plasmodium and other blood-feeding parasites to avoid the toxicity of free heme derived from the digestion of hemoglobin during invasion of the erythrocytes. Scope of review: Hemozoin is involved in several aspects of the pathology of the disease as well as in important processes such as the immunogenicity elicited. It is known that the once best antimalarial drug, chloroquine, exerted its effect through interference with the process of hemozoin formation. In the present review we explore what is known about hemozoin, from hemoglobin digestion, to its final structural analysis, to its physicochemical properties, its role in the disease and notions of the possible mechanisms that could kill the parasite by disrupting the synthesis or integrity of this remarkable crystal. Major conclusions: The importance and peculiarities of this biocrystal have given researchers a cause to consider it as a target for new antimalarials and to use it through unconventional approaches for diagnostics and therapeutics against the disease. General significance: Hemozoin plays an essential role in the biology of malarial disease. Innovative ideas could use all the existing data on the unique chemical and biophysical properties of this macromolecule to come up with new ways of combating malaria.Malaria is an extremely devastating disease that continues to affect millions of people each year. A distinctive attribute of malaria infected red blood cells is the presence of malarial pigment or the so-called hemozoin. Hemozoin is a biocrystal synthesized by Plasmodium and other blood-feeding parasites to avoid the toxicity of free heme derived from the digestion of hemoglobin during invasion of the erythrocytes. Scope of review: Hemozoin is involved in several aspects of the pathology of the disease as well as in important processes such as the immunogenicity elicited. It is known that the once best antimalarial drug, chloroquine, exerted its effect through interference with the process of hemozoin formation. In the present review we explore what is known about hemozoin, from hemoglobin digestion, to its final structural analysis, to its physicochemical properties, its role in the disease and notions of the possible mechanisms that could kill the parasite by disrupting the synthesis or integrity of this remarkable crystal. Major conclusions: The importance and peculiarities of this biocrystal have given researchers a cause to consider it as a target for new antimalarials and to use it through unconventional approaches for diagnostics and therapeutics against the disease. General significance: Hemozoin plays an essential role in the biology of malarial disease. Innovative ideas could use all the existing data on the unique chemical and biophysical properties of this macromolecule to come up with new ways of combating malaria

DIAGNÓSTICO DE LOS RESIDUOS SÓLIDOS GENERADOS EN LA CAFETERÍA KIAWA DEL INSTITUTO TECNOLÓGICO DE SONORA, MÉXICO

Los residuos sólidos son todos aquellos elementos, materiales u objetos, que, una vez usados en un bien o servicio, pueden ser susceptibles o no de aprovechamiento y/o transformación, para darle otra utilidad o uso directo.Existen 3 clasificaciones: según su origen; orgánicos, inorgánicos y reciclables; según su fuente; Domiciliarios, institucionales, áreas y vías públicas, comerciales y de servicios; según su peligrosidad; peligroso, no peligroso y especiales.Cabe destacar que las características y volumen de los residuos sólidos varían geográficamente. Los residuos generados en mayor proporción son el poliestireno expandido y/o hielo seco y la materia orgánica

Determinantes del desarrollo económico local del municipio de Belén de los Andaquíes, departamento del Caquetá

La falta de claridad en relación a los modelos de desarrollo pertinentes para esta región amazónica, frente a los actuales escenarios de globalización, y la falta de voluntad política, han profundizado problemáticas estructurales (violencia, desempleo, pobreza, desigualdad, entre otros), reflejadas en sus bajos niveles de desarrollo; es así, como durante la historia, el departamento del Caquetá y por tanto sus municipios, se ha caracterizado por afrontar sus procesos de desarrollo en una forma espontánea y desordenada, con falencias en su planeación y mediada por iniciativa propia de los actores institucionales o impuesto por planes elaborados a nivel central o de instancias internacionales. Sumergido en el anterior contexto, Belén de los Andaquíes es un municipio con gran diversidad de flora, fauna, paisajes y recursos hídricos, que lo hacen acreedor al título de ser uno de los municipios más biodiversos del departamento, no solo por pertenecer a la Amazonía, sino también fundamentado en la Ordenanza 024 de 2014 que lo reconoce y declara como-Municipio verde protector del agua‖; su ubicación geográfica junto con su riqueza natural lo convierten en un territorio estratégico y de vital importancia dentro del departamento del Caquetá. Alrededor de esta riqueza natural, en Belén de los Andaquíes se destacan y reconocen importantes procesos de organización social de base, lo que muestra un capital social en fortalecimiento, siendo uno de los municipios más representativos en este tipo de emprendimiento y razón por la cual hoy en día es considerado como municipio verde.The lack of clarity in relation to the relevant development models for this Amazon region, in the face of current globalization scenarios, and the lack of political will, have deepened structural problems (violence, unemployment, poverty, inequality, among others), reflected in their low levels of development; Thus, as throughout history, the department of Caquetá, and therefore its municipalities, has been characterized by facing its development processes in a spontaneous and disorderly way, with flaws in its planning and mediated by the institutional actors themselves or imposed by plans prepared at the central level or by international bodies. Submerged in the previous context, Belén de los Andaquíes is a municipality with a great diversity of flora, fauna, landscapes and water resources, which make it worthy of the title of being one of the most biodiverse municipalities in the department, not only because it belongs to the Amazon , but also based on Ordinance 024 of 2014 that recognizes and declares it as "Green Water Protecting Municipality"; its geographical location together with its natural wealth make it a strategic and vitally important territory within the department of Caquetá. Around this natural wealth, in Belén de los Andaquíes important processes of base social organization stand out and recognize, which shows a strengthening social capital, being one of the most representative municipalities in this type of enterprise and the reason why today today it is considered a green municipality

DNA Repair Mechanisms as Drug Targets in Prokaryotes

Nowadays, a great amount of pathogenic bacteria has been identified such as Mycobacterium sp. and Helicobacter pylori and have become a serious health problem around the world. These bacteria have developed several DNA repair mechanisms as a strategy to neutralize the effect of the exposure to endogenous and exogenous agents that will lead to two different kinds of DNA damage: single strand breaks (SSBs) and double strand breaks (DSBs). For SSBs repair, bacteria use the base excision repair (BER) and nucleotide excision repair (NER) mechanisms, which fix the damaged strand replacing the damaged base or nucleotide. DSBs repair in bacteria is performed by homologous recombination repair (HRR) and non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ). HRR uses the homologous sequence to fix the two damaged strand, while NHEJ repair does not require the use of its homologous sequence. The use of unspecific antibiotics to treat bacterial infections has caused a great deal of multiple resistant strains making less effective the current therapies with antibiotics. In this review, we emphasized the mechanisms mentioned above to identify molecular targets that can be used to develop novel and more efficient drugs in future.Nowadays, a great amount of pathogenic bacteria has been identified such as Mycobacterium sp. and Helicobacter pylori and have become a serious health problem around the world. These bacteria have developed several DNA repair mechanisms as a strategy to neutralize the effect of the exposure to endogenous and exogenous agents that will lead to two different kinds of DNA damage: single strand breaks (SSBs) and double strand breaks (DSBs). For SSBs repair, bacteria use the base excision repair (BER) and nucleotide excision repair (NER) mechanisms, which fix the damaged strand replacing the damaged base or nucleotide. DSBs repair in bacteria is performed by homologous recombination repair (HRR) and non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ). HRR uses the homologous sequence to fix the two damaged strand, while NHEJ repair does not require the use of its homologous sequence. The use of unspecific antibiotics to treat bacterial infections has caused a great deal of multiple resistant strains making less effective the current therapies with antibiotics. In this review, we emphasized the mechanisms mentioned above to identify molecular targets that can be used to develop novel and more efficient drugs in future

A Novel Mutation in the Thyroid Hormone Receptor Beta-Gene in a Patient Who Developed Thyroid Nodules

Background: Thyroid hormone Resistance (THR) is a genetic disorder characterized by decreased tissue sensitivity to thyroid hormones (THs). The key finding is the presence of high concentrations of THs in the presence of non-suppressed TSH. Clinical phenotype is highly variable since signs of hormone deficiency, sufficiency and excess could coexist. High TSH produces goiter, being the most common feature. It has been associated with increased risk of developing thyroid nodules, with malignancy risk. Management of nodules associated with THR is as other nodules, with fine-needle aspiration guided by ultrasound (US) as first approach and ATA recommendation of surgery in children when Bethesda category is III or higher.Fil: Hidalgo Coronado, Lorena. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Niños Pedro Elizalde (ex Casa Cuna); ArgentinaFil: Chamoux, Alfredo. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Niños Pedro Elizalde (ex Casa Cuna); ArgentinaFil: Brunetto, Oscar. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Niños Pedro Elizalde (ex Casa Cuna); ArgentinaFil: Bre, Monica. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Niños Pedro Elizalde (ex Casa Cuna); ArgentinaFil: Lahan, Marcelo. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Niños Pedro Elizalde (ex Casa Cuna); ArgentinaFil: Adrover, Ezequiela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo; ArgentinaFil: Molina, Maricel Fernanda. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo; ArgentinaFil: Rivolta, Carina Marcela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo; ArgentinaXXVIII Congreso Latinoamericano de Endocrinología PediátricaFlorianópolisBrasilSociedad Latinoamericana de Endocrinología Pediátric