Planting date, storage and gibberellic acid affect dormancy of Zantedeschia Spreng. hybrids : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters in Applied Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand

To match the supply of Zantedeschia cut flowers and tubers to the demands of the international market, crops have to be timed to a schedule, which requires control of the growth cycle and, in particular, dormancy. In order to improve the predictability and accuracy of timing of Zantedeschia, the effect of different planting seasons and two dormancy-breaking treatments were tested on cultivars 'Black Magic' and 'Treasure', which were known to have a contrasting level of dormancy. Tissue-cultured plants were ex-flasked in July and November 1999, and grown for 180 days in a heated glasshouse (first cycle). Between 120 and 180 days of growth, plants were harvested at 15 days intervals, and tubers cured. Subsequently, tubers were stored for 0 or 3 weeks (10 ± 1°C; 70-80% RH) and dipped in 100 mg.L -1 gibberellic acid plus surfactant or water plus surfactant, prior to planting for dormancy assessment (second cycle). Growing the plants with four months difference in planting date did not cause major alteration in the occurrence of dormancy. Dormancy was brought forward by up to 10 days after the November date of ex-flask, but this was most likely to be due to higher temperatures during that period. In contrast, depth of dormancy varied between cultivars, with 'Black Magic' taking in average 16 days longer to emerge than 'Treasure'. Storage partially released bud dormancy of the tubers. It increased emergence to over 80% regardless of the time of harvest in the first cycle and cultivar, but reduced time to emergence mostly after harvests at 180 days. Furthermore, following storage, time to emergence was reduced to over 50 and 30 days for 'Black Magic' and 'Treasure', respectively, which exceeded the commercially acceptable period to emerge. Gibberellic acid also broke bud dormancy, improving emergence to over 80%, and reduced time to emergence to between 29 and 57 days, irrespective of the time of harvest in the first cycle and cultivar. The effectiveness of gibberellic acid at any time following harvest during the first cycle, may imply that dormancy of Zantedeschia is not as deep as in temperate woody plants. Cessation of leaf emergence in the first cycle was found not to be directly related to the occurrence of dormancy. Degree-days, on the other hand, presented a possible alternative to predict this process. It was estimated that deepest dormancy of 'Black Magic' occurred between 2614 and 2732 °C-days after planting, while deepest dormancy of 'Treasure' occurred between 2681 and 2839 °C-days after planting. The present study presents storage and gibberellic acid as possible options to control dormancy, and the use of degree-days to predict the occurrence of this process. Further research is necessary to develop these options as commercially applicable practices, and to further clarify the process of dormancy in Zantedeschia

Morphological aspects associated with repair and regeneration in Lobaria pulmonaria and L. amplissima (Peltigerales, Ascomycota)

ISSN:0024-2829ISSN:1096-113

New morphological aspects of cephalodium formation in the lichen Lobaria pulmonaria (Lecanorales, Ascomycota)

Cephalodia were investigated on young and mature thalli of Lobaria pulmonaria. Cephalodia originate from contact between hyphae and cyanobacteria on the upper or lower cortex or, less frequently, in the apical zone. Young thalli were found to associate with cyanobacteria even in the anchoring zone. Cephalodia formed on the young thalli or the anchoring hyphae share the same phenotypic characteristics. In spite of being composed of paraplectenchymatous hyphae, the cortex of mature thalli preserves a considerable plasticity, enabling the formation of cephalodia. The cyanobacterial incorporation process begins with cortical hyphae growing out towards adjacent cyanobacterial colonies, enveloping them and incorporating them into the thallus. The incorporation process is the same on the upper and the lower cortex. Early stages of cephalodia are usually found in young lobes, whereas in the older parts of the thallus only mature cephalodia are foun

Genetic Basis of Self-Incompatibility in the Lichen-Forming Fungus Lobaria pulmonaria and Skewed Frequency Distribution of Mating-Type Idiomorphs: Implications for Conservation

Fungal populations that reproduce sexually are likely to be genetically more diverse and have a higher adaptive potential than asexually reproducing populations. Mating systems of fungal species can be self-incompatible, requiring the presence of isolates of different mating-type genes for sexual reproduction to occur, or self-compatible, requiring only one. Understanding the distribution of mating-type genes in populations can help to assess the potential of self-incompatible species to reproduce sexually. In the locally threatened epiphytic lichen-forming fungus Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm., low frequency of sexual reproduction is likely to limit the potential of populations to adapt to changing environmental conditions. Our study provides direct evidence of self-incompatibility (heterothallism) in L. pulmonaria. It can thus be hypothesized that sexual reproduction in small populations might be limited by an unbalanced distribution of mating-type genes. We therefore assessed neutral genetic diversity (using microsatellites) and mating-type ratio in 27 lichen populations (933 individuals). We found significant differences in the frequency of the two mating types in 13 populations, indicating a lower likelihood of sexual reproduction in these populations. This suggests that conservation translocation activities aiming at maximizing genetic heterogeneity in threatened and declining populations should take into account not only presence of fruiting bodies in transplanted individuals, but also the identity and balanced representation of mating-type genes

Phylogenetic analysis indicates transitions from vegetative to sexual reproduction in the Lobaria retigera group (Lecanoromycetidae, Ascomycota)

Phylogenetic relationships among the hypothetical species pairs Lobaria kurokawae / L. retigera and L. pseudopulmonaria / L. isidiosa were investigated based on TLC techniques and the phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) nrDNA. Results of TLC demonstrate that L. retigera and L. kurokawae can be chemically distinguished from L. isidiosa and L. pseudopulmonaria by the absence of retigeranic acid. Parsimony analysis of 18 specimens shows two monophyletic clades - a L. retigera lineage and a L. isidiosa lineage—both including their apotheciate counterparts. Unlike the original hypothesis of species pairs, our study reveals transitions from isidiate morphs that have the potential to rarely form apothecia, towards apotheciate morphs that produce no vegetative propagule

Analisis Pengaruh Jumlah Uang Beredar, Suku Bunga SBI, Nilai Tukar Terhadap Tingkat Inflasi

Inflation is one of the effects of a prolonged economic crisis that hit thecountry. Inflation is a situation where there are price rises sharply (Absolute)which continues over a period of time. The purpose of this study analyzes themonetary policy conducted by Bank Indonesia and its influence as the moneysupply, interest rates and exchange rates SBI (IDR / USD) of the inflation rate.The method used is multiple linear regression based on test results indicateavariable effect on money supply, interest rate of SBI, and the exchange rate(Rp / USD) in 2004 to 2009. By using eviews 4.0 software obtained from theresults of research following the money supply and exchange rate (Rp/USD)had no significant effect on inflation while the interest rate (SBI) have asignificant effect on inflation

Desarrollo de un modelo de estrategias competitivas de mercadeo para el segmento de la producción de calzado en las PYMES de la ciudad de Quito

The development of the present study is focused to develop a model of competitive marketing strategies for the segment of the shoe production of small and medium-sized enterprises in the city of Quito. The footwear industry in the country is in a growth stage, thanks to tariff restrictions implemented by the National Government, as well as the incentives promoted by the same body for the consumption of national products, the footwear industry has a view to achieve a major expansion. From the research done by analyzing internal and external factors, questionnaires and interviews could diagnose mainly the national footwear has a moderate market acceptance, nevertheless, for their stage of development they need to improve their processes for producing quality footwear with variety of designs and colors.El desarrollo del presente estudio está orientado a desarrollar un modelo de estrategias competitivas de mercadeo para el segmento de la producción de calzado de las pymes de la ciudad de Quito. La industria del calzado en el país se encuentra en una etapa de crecimiento con miras a lograr una gran expansión, gracias a las restricciones arancelarias implantadas por el Gobierno Nacional así como a los incentivos promovidos por el mismo para el consumo de productos nacionales. De la investigación realizada mediante el análisis de factores internos y externos, encuestas y entrevistas se pudo diagnosticar principalmente que el calzado nacional tiene una moderada aceptación en el mercado, sin embargo para su fase de desarrollo requieren mejorar sus procesos para producir un calzado de calidad con variedad de diseños y colores

Resposta da educação na atenção à diversidade na perspectiva de profissionais de suporte

The purpose of this article is to analyze the educational responses in attention to diversity posed by 92 professional support specialists who work in 30 public schools in Chile involved in the School Integration Program. The participants are special education teachers, psychology and pedagogy experts, psychologists, speech therapists, physiotherapists, an educational counselor and a social worker caring for children and young people with special educational needs, in the region of Maule. The research design is quantitative and descriptive, non-experimental and transactional, using the survey technique and data analysis through descriptive statistics and frequencies. The results show that support professionals perceive the context variable positively and recognize a detachment of educational units from external institutions as support centers in the attention to diversity. Furthermore, the findings reveal the difference of paradigms in understanding the diagnoses of students, moving between clinical and educational approaches. However, there is an agreement with the idea that diversity is something positive and enriching, when the school assumes individual differences as its own, and is available to make the curriculum more flexible and to adapt it. It is important to emphasize that when stressing the findings, they do not relate directly to improved learning and decreased students participating in school integration programs.El propósito de este artículo es analizar las respuestas educativas en la atención a la diversidad que plantean 92 profesionales especialistas de apoyo que se desempeñan en 30 establecimientos educativos públicos de Chile que forman parte del Programa de Integración Escolar. Los participantes son profesores de educación especial, psicopedagogos, psicólogos, fonoaudiólogos, kinesiólogos, un orientador educacional y un trabajador social que atienden a niños, niñas y jóvenes que presentan necesidades educativas especiales, en la región del Maule. La investigación es cuantitativa de diseño descriptivo, no experimental y transeccional, utilizando la técnica de la encuesta y el análisis de los datos a través de estadígrafos descriptivos y frecuencias. Los resultados muestran que los profesionales de apoyo perciben la variable contexto de manera positiva, y reconocen una desvinculación de las unidades educativas con instituciones externas como centros de apoyo en la atención a la diversidad. Además, los hallazgos revelan la diferencia de paradigmas en la comprensión de los diagnósticos de los educandos, moviéndose entre enfoques clínicos y educativos. Sin embargo, coinciden en señalar la diversidad como algo positivo y enriquecedor, cuando la escuela asume las diferencias individuales como propias, y flexibiliza y adapta el currículo escolar. Es importante destacar que al tensionar los hallazgos encontrados no se relacionan directamente con la mejora de los aprendizajes y la disminución de estudiantes que participan en los programas de integración escolar.O objetivo deste artigo é analisar as respostas educativas em atenção à diversidade propostas por 92 especialistas de suporte profissionais que trabalham em 30 escolas públicas no Chile, as quais formam parte do Programa de Integração Escolar. Os participantes são professores de educação especial, psicólogos, fonoaudiólogos, fisioterapeutas, um conselheiro educacional e um assistente social para crianças e jovens com necessidades educativas especiais na região de Maule. A pesquisa é quantitativa, de caráter descritiva, não experimental e transversal, utilizando a técnica de levantamento e análise de dados através de estatísticas descritivas e frequências. Os resultados mostram que os profissionais de suporte percebem a variável de contexto positivamente e reconhecem a separação de unidades educacionais com instituições externas como centros de apoio na atenção à diversidade. Além disso, os resultados revelam a diferença de paradigmas na compreensão dos diagnósticos de alunos, movendo-se entre as abordagens clínicas e educacionais. No entanto, assinalam a diversidade como algo positivo e enriquecedor se a escola adota as diferenças individuais como próprias, e flexibiliza e adapta o currículo escolar. É importante ressaltar que ao analisar as conclusões, estas não se relacionam diretamente com o melhoramento da aprendizagem e a diminuição dos estudantes que participam nos programas de integração escolar

Iconicidad y metáfora en el lenguaje chileno de signos (LENSE): un análisis cualitativo

El lenguaje de signos es uno de los medios de comunicación utilizado por personas sordas. En el presente estudio se realiza un análisis cualitativo sobre el uso de metáforas en el lenguaje de signos de un grupo de personas adultas sordas de la Comunidad de Sordos de Chile. Se identifican metáforas gestuales de variada índole y se analizan las posibles relaciones entre estas y las metáforas del lenguaje oral en Chile. Por último se comentan posibles implicaciones del presente estudio para la educación de sordos y la relevancia de este en la evaluación de las habilidades cognitivas y lingüísticas de esta población

Hasta que naturalmente muera: ejecución pública en Chile colonial (1700-1810)

Son escasas las referencias sobre la práctica de la ejecución en el pasado colonial chileno,[1] sobre todo en lo que concierne a la participación y al comportamiento de la gente enfrentada al ceremonial del patíbulo