Punir par l’espace : la peine d’exil dans la Chine impériale

L’exil était fondé en Chine sur des représentations de l’espace politique héritées de l’Antiquité au terme desquelles le territoire était constitué de zones concentriques s’éloignant progressivement du centre de la civilisation figuré par le domaine royal. Les dynasties suivantes furent confrontées à la nécessité de retranscrire cet espace virtuel dans la réalité d’un territoire politique qui avait évolué depuis l’unification impériale. Les Qing tentèrent les premiers de prendre des mesures en vue d’établir une géographie précise des lieux d’exil. À travers la cartographie de ces lieux d’exil, nous souhaitons mettre en évidence les principes aux termes desquels le territoire impérial devint un espace pénal de relégation des criminels.中國，以上古傳下來的政治空間為基礎，即領土是由同心地區逐漸遠離代表文化中心的王國而構成的，施行流放刑罰。接下來的朝代面臨了使此虛擬空間符合自從帝制統一以來已經演變的政治領土的事實的困惑。清朝初次嘗試施行能夠準確指定流放目的地的規定。通過流放目的地的繪製，我想展示出那些使帝制領土變成一個流放犯人的刑罰空間的原理

Complementary Strategies for Biological Control of Aphids and Related Virus Transmission in Sugar Beet to Replace Neonicotinoids

peer reviewedNeonicotinoid-based real control of aphids in sugar beet permitted the effective management of associated phytoviruses. However, the prohibition on their usage has prompted an urgent search for viable replacements. The development of sugar beet varieties with aphid and/or virus resistance and/or tolerance has a huge potential to reduce aphids and the harm caused by transmitted viruses. Semiochemicals also play a significant part in determining intra- and inter-specific interactions, which directly affect aphid fitness, feeding activity, and ultimately their capacity to spread viruses. Another method of aphid management involves the use of plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in conjunction with an attract and kill strategy. Entomopathogenic fungi could also be used to manage aphids without endangering helpful entomofauna. Finally, soil bacteria are particularly effective biocontrol agents because they induce systemic resistance (ISR) as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). The sugar beet-aphid virus model would be a perfect place to test these microbial players. The adoption of complementing eco-compatible techniques in the sugar beet crop will be ensured by the application of a variety of biocontrol opportunities connected to creative aphid control strategies. This should make it possible to create technical itineraries for a comprehensive approach to controlling aphids and related viruses depending on the situation

Quand le rap sort de sa bulle

En 2006, le rap français a déjà 20 ans et « Dans ma bulle », l’album de la rappeuse Diam’s, explose les chiffres de vente. Ce succès en fait un véritable « phénomène social » qui ne peut être interprété comme un simple engouement passager. Les thèmes dont traite Diam’s et la manière dont elle, et ses collaborateurs, les mettent en forme artistique, font ressortir des combinaisons de valeurs originales. Or, ce sont précisément ces valeurs qui se sont retrouvées au coeur de la campagne préside..

Quand le rap sort de sa bulle

Lire en ligne Consulter l’ouvrage gratuitement en ligne sur le site OpenBooks. Présentation En 2006, le rap français a déjà 20 ans et « Dans ma bulle », l’album de la rappeuse Diam’s, explose les chiffres de vente. Ce succès en fait un véritable « phénomène social » qui ne peut être interprété comme un simple engouement passager. Les thèmes dont traite Diam’s et la manière dont elle, et ses collaborateurs, les mettent en forme artistique, font ressortir des combinaisons de valeurs originales..

Comparative investigation of the pathogenicity of three Mycobacterium tuberculosis mutants defective in the synthesis of p-hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives.

p-Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives (p-HBADs) are glycoconjugates secreted by all Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates whose contribution to pathogenicity remains to be determined. The pathogenicity of three transposon mutants of M. tuberculosis deficient in the biosynthesis of some or all forms of p-HBADs was studied. Whilst the mutants grew similarly to the wild-type strain in macrophages and C57BL/6 mice, two of the mutants induced a more severe and diffuse inflammation in the lungs. The lack of production of some or all forms of p-HBADs in these two mutants also correlated with an increased secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumour-necrosis factor α, interleukin 6 and interleukin 12 in vivo. We propose that the loss of production of p-HBADs by tubercle bacilli results in their diminished ability to suppress the pro-inflammatory response to infection and that this ultimately provokes extensive pulmonary lesions in the C57BL/6 model of tuberculosis infection

An ocean-colour time series for use in climate studies: the experience of the ocean-colour climate change initiate (OC-CCI)

Ocean colour is recognised as an Essential Climate Variable (ECV) by the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS); and spectrally-resolved water-leaving radiances (or remote-sensing reflectances) in the visible domain, and chlorophyll-a concentration are identified as required ECV products. Time series of the products at the global scale and at high spatial resolution, derived from ocean-colour data, are key to studying the dynamics of phytoplankton at seasonal and inter-annual scales; their role in marine biogeochemistry; the global carbon cycle; the modulation of how phytoplankton distribute solar-induced heat in the upper layers of the ocean; and the response of the marine ecosystem to climate variability and change. However, generating a long time series of these products from ocean colour data is not a trivial task: algorithms that are best suited for climate studies have to be selected from a number that are available for atmospheric correction of the satellite signal and for retrieval of chlorophyll-a concentration; since satellites have a finite life span, data from multiple sensors have to be merged to create a single time series, and any uncorrected inter-sensor biases could introduce artefacts in the series, e.g., different sensors monitor radiances at different wavebands such that producing a consistent time series of reflectances is not straightforward. Another requirement is that the products have to be validated against in situ observations. Furthermore, the uncertainties in the products have to be quantified, ideally on a pixel-by-pixel basis, to facilitate applications and interpretations that are consistent with the quality of the data. This paper outlines an approach that was adopted for generating an ocean-colour time series for climate studies, using data from the MERIS (MEdium spectral Resolution Imaging Spectrometer) sensor of the European Space Agency; the SeaWiFS (Sea viewingWide-Field-of-view Sensor) and MODIS-Aqua (Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer-Aqua) sensors from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (USA); and VIIRS (Visible and Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite) from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (USA). The time series now covers the period from late 1997 to end of 2018. To ensure that the products meet, as well as possible, the requirements of the user community, marine-ecosystem modellers, and remote-sensing scientists were consulted at the outset on their immediate and longer-term requirements as well as on their expectations of ocean-colour data for use in climate research. Taking the user requirements into account, a series of objective criteria were established, against which available algorithms for processing ocean-colour data were evaluated and ranked. The algorithms that performed best with respect to the climate user requirements were selected to process data from the satellite sensors. Remote-sensing reflectance data from MODIS-Aqua, MERIS, and VIIRS were band-shifted to match the wavebands of SeaWiFS. Overlapping data were used to correct for mean biases between sensors at every pixel. The remote-sensing reflectance data derived from the sensors were merged, and the selected in-water algorithm was applied to the merged data to generate maps of chlorophyll concentration, inherent optical properties at SeaWiFS wavelengths, and the diffuse attenuation coefficient at 490 nm. The merged products were validated against in situ observations. The uncertainties established on the basis of comparisons with in situ data were combined with an optical classification of the remote-sensing reflectance data using a fuzzy-logic approach, and were used to generate uncertainties (root mean square difference and bias) for each product at each pixel

IISMM – Institut d’études de l’Islam et des sociétés du monde musulman

Frédéric Hitzel, chargé de recherche au CNRSTimour Muhidine, chargé de cours à l’INaLCO Art, patrimoine et cultures dans le monde turc et ottoman À ce séminaire, sept intervenants ont accepté de participer pour présenter leurs travaux de recherche en cours et faire partager leur expérience professionnelle. Le 16 novembre 2011, le séminaire a accueilli le poète, essayiste et éditeur turc Enis Batur. Auteur de nombreux essais et romans, dont plusieurs sont traduits en français, il est l’une des..

The quasi-universality of nestedness in the structure of quantitative plant-parasite interactions

Understanding the relationships between host range and pathogenicity for parasites, and between the efficiency and scope of immunity for hosts are essential to implement efficient disease control strategies. In the case of plant parasites, most studies have focused on describing qualitative interactions and a variety of genetic and evolutionary models has been proposed in this context. Although plant quantitative resistance benefits from advantages in terms of durability, we presently lack models that account for quantitative interactions between plants and their parasites and the evolution of these interactions. Nestedness and modularity are important features to unravel the overall structure of host-parasite interaction matrices. Here, we analysed these two features on 32 matrices of quantitative pathogenicity trait data gathered from 15 plant-parasite pathosystems consisting of either annual or perennial plants along with fungi or oomycetes, bacteria, nematodes, insects and viruses. The performance of several nestedness and modularity algorithms was evaluated through a simulation approach, which helped interpretation of the results. We observed significant modularity in only six of the 32 matrices, with two or three modules detected. For three of these matrices, modules could be related to resistance quantitative trait loci present in the host. In contrast, we found high and significant nestedness in 30 of the 32 matrices. Nestedness was linked to other properties of plant-parasite interactions. First, pathogenicity trait values were explained in majority by a parasite strain effect and a plant accession effect, with no parasite-plant interaction term. Second, correlations between the efficiency and scope of the resistance of plant genotypes, and between the host range breadth and pathogenicity level of parasite strains were overall positive. This latter result questions the efficiency of strategies based on the deployment of several genetically-differentiated cultivars of a given crop species in the case of quantitative plant immunity