The Political Ecology of Cholera in Peru

In an increasingly globalized world, the rise of epidemics is especially troubling and has been the subject of much research. It is common for the ill to become pathologized and for these epidemics to be perceived solely through the lens of poverty and victim-blaming rhetoric. This study will investigate the cholera epidemic that took place in Peru in 1991 and the ways in which it was a product not solely of individual maladaptation, but as a consequence of structurally produced vulnerability. With a specific interest in the role of structural adjustment policies, which have been criticized for negatively impacting societies, I will consider the hypothesis that such programs transformed the environment through which human-environment interaction in Peru transpire. As such, this research will conjoin the fields of disease ecology and political ecology and allow for an investigation into the specific risk factors through which individuals come to contract diseases as well as the processes through which such vulnerability is structurally produced. This case study of Peru will provide an argument for viewing disease through frameworks of both human and political ecology and as such contextualizing epidemics within the broader processes that are responsible for shaping local settings

Language improvement after awake craniotomy in a 12-year-old child:illustrative case

BACKGROUND:Although the standard procedure to treat adult patients with lesions in eloquent brain areas is awake craniotomy with direct electrical stimulation, this procedure is not often used in children because of feasibility concerns. Some studies have shown that the procedure is feasible in children. They reported the postoperative language ability, which was not based on standardized language tests for children. To give an objective overview of preoperative assessment of the language ability of a child before and after this procedure, the authors described the perioperative course, including standardized language tests for children and the awake surgery setting, of a 12-year-old child undergoing awake craniotomy with brain mapping for the indication of cavernoma in the left somatosensory cortex close to the motor cortex. OBSERVATIONS:The patient performed better on language tests after surgery, showing that his language ability improved. He also cooperated well during the entire perioperative period. His mother was present during the awake surgery, and the patient tolerated the surgery well. LESSONS:The authors conclude that awake craniotomy is indeed feasible in a child and that it can even result in an improved postoperative language outcome. It is, however, crucial to carefully assess, inform, and monitor the child and their proxies.</p

Language improvement after awake craniotomy in a 12-year-old child:illustrative case

BACKGROUND:Although the standard procedure to treat adult patients with lesions in eloquent brain areas is awake craniotomy with direct electrical stimulation, this procedure is not often used in children because of feasibility concerns. Some studies have shown that the procedure is feasible in children. They reported the postoperative language ability, which was not based on standardized language tests for children. To give an objective overview of preoperative assessment of the language ability of a child before and after this procedure, the authors described the perioperative course, including standardized language tests for children and the awake surgery setting, of a 12-year-old child undergoing awake craniotomy with brain mapping for the indication of cavernoma in the left somatosensory cortex close to the motor cortex. OBSERVATIONS:The patient performed better on language tests after surgery, showing that his language ability improved. He also cooperated well during the entire perioperative period. His mother was present during the awake surgery, and the patient tolerated the surgery well. LESSONS:The authors conclude that awake craniotomy is indeed feasible in a child and that it can even result in an improved postoperative language outcome. It is, however, crucial to carefully assess, inform, and monitor the child and their proxies.</p

Effectiveness of third-trimester ultrasound screening in the prediction of small for gestational age neonates: a retrospective cohort study

editorial reviewe

Etiology of preeclampsia after assisted reproductive treatments

editorial reviewe

Levels of Abnormal Prion Protein in Deer and Elk with Chronic Wasting Disease

Infected deer may pose a higher risk than elk for disease transmission

Survival after bilateral risk-reducing mastectomy in healthy BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers

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FGF receptor genes and breast cancer susceptibility: results from the Breast Cancer Association Consortium

Background:Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies in women. Genome-wide association studies have identified FGFR2 as a breast cancer susceptibility gene. Common variation in other fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptors might also modify risk. We tested this hypothesis by studying genotyped single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and imputed SNPs in FGFR1, FGFR3, FGFR4 and FGFRL1 in the Breast Cancer Association Consortium. Methods:Data were combined from 49 studies, including 53 835 cases and 50 156 controls, of which 89 050 (46 450 cases and 42 600 controls) were of European ancestry, 12 893 (6269 cases and 6624 controls) of Asian and 2048 (1116 cases and 932 controls) of African ancestry. Associations with risk of breast cancer, overall and by disease sub-type, were assessed using unconditional logistic regression. Results:Little evidence of association with breast cancer risk was observed for SNPs in the FGF receptor genes. The strongest evidence in European women was for rs743682 in FGFR3; the estimated per-allele odds ratio was 1.05 (95 confidence interval=1.02-1.09, P=0.0020), which is substantially lower than that observed for SNPs in FGFR2. Conclusion:Our results suggest that common variants in the other FGF receptors are not associated with risk of breast cancer to the degree observed for FGFR2. © 2014 Cancer Research UK