La industria lítica en el Prehistoria cerámica de Cantabria.

Se aborda el estudio de los tecnocomplejos líticos correspondientes a las últimas fases de la Prehistoria en los yacimientos del sector central de la Cornisa Cantábrica. Las series analizadas proceden de contextos diferenciados : yacimientos de habitación, funerarios, tanto en cueva como al   aire libre. El estudio permite la caracterización de los distintos tecnocomplejos revelándose diferencias de orden funcional, de carácter cultural y en menor medida procedentes de condicionamientos técnicos

Juan Bautista Juanini (1636-1691) : sabers mèdics i pràctiques quirúrgiques en la primera generació del moviment novator

Aquesta tesi doctoral incideix en els principals aspectes de la biografia del cirurgià hispanoitalià Juan Bautista Juanini (1636-1691), personatge clau de la medicina i de la cirurgia en la Cort espanyola de Carlos II. En aquest context històric, un grup de metges i científics espanyols i hispanoitalians es van plantejar una renovació completa dels pressupostos de la ciència, de la medicina i de la concepció de l'univers, d'acord amb els pressupostos de la Revolució Científica que s'estenia per tota Europa.Esta tesis doctoral incide en los principales aspectos de la biografía del cirujano hispano-italiano Juan Bautista Juanini (1636-1691), personaje clave de la medicina y la cirugía en la corte española de Carlos II. En este contexto histórico, un grupo de médicos y científicos españoles e hispano-italianos se plantearon una renovación completa de los presupuestos de la ciencia, la medicina y la concepción del universo, de acuerdo con los presupuestos de la Revolución Científica que se extendía por toda Europa

Mayotlide: synthetic approaches and structural elucidation

[eng] Mayotlide is a marine peptide isolated by PharmaMar S.A. from Spongia sp.. The sequence of the aminoacids were achieved by MS-MS spectrometry, where two of them were tryptophans. The NMR spectroscopy revealed the presence of N1-C3a bond between the tryptophans, which means that one of them was cyclized. On the first structure proposal, the aminoacids were forming two macrocyclic rings: on the ring B, all the aminoacids of molecule were tied by amide bond, remarking the presence of the cyclized tryptophan as a hexahydropyrroloindole unit (HPI). The ring A was established by three aminoacids of the ring B: one tryptophan, one isoleucine and the HPI, which became closed by the N1-C3a bond between the two tryptophans. The aminoacid analysis demonstrated the L configuration of all of them, just remaining the HPI with unknown stereochemistry. Due to the configuration of the HPI system, there can be four diasteromers. To the best of our knowledge, there were not empirical evidences about which one could be more favorable. Hence, a computational study of the ring A through the MOE program was performed, evidencing that the rings A with the exo HPI adducts (L and D) were more stable than the endo ones. Among the exo ones, another computational study with the whole molecule revealed that the mayotlide with the exo-L adduct of the HPI was more stable. Once that there was established a starting point with the HPI, it was necessary to find out a synthetic strategy that could fulfill the necessary requirements. A methodology developed by Baran and coworkers for the synthesis of the Trp-HPI fragment on molecules related to mayotlide was adapted to our proposal. On the first step of this strategy, under reaction conditions, the starting tryptophan cyclizes, providing exclusively the HPI with the exo configuration, at the same time that the N1-C3a bond between the HPI and 2-iodoaniline is formed. The 2-iodoaniline, along with a disubstituted alkyne, condense together yielding the upper tryptophan without loss of the former stereochemistry, reaching the Trp-HPI framework in two steps with high yields. Taking advantage of this methodology and an appropriate use of the protecting groups in order to perform the corresponding cyclizations of the two macrocyclic rings, the mayotlide with the exo-L HPI was accomplished. Nevertheless, nor the NMR neither the MS-MS fragmentation pattern of the final compound coincided with the natural product ones. Thus, the next alternative would consist on repeating the synthesis but with the exo-D adduct of the HPI instead. During the last synthesis, the bibliography and the analytical data of the natural product were extensively revised. There were no documented precedents of natural peptides with the Trp- HPI motif, and the initial structure did not justify the most important data extracted from the MS-MS spectrometry. the main fragmentation concerned to the isoleucine, and on the first proposal such aminoacid was not forming part of a conflictive scaffold. Likewise, among the eight proposed linear sequences for the ring B, the isoleucine just appear in one as C-terminus of the b-ions, when it is one of the aminoacids that forms part of both macrocycles. The most related family of peptides to mayotlide are the kapakahines. Kapakahines, instead of having a Trp-HPI moiety as the central part of the molecule, exhibit a Trp-α carboline, with an aminoacid establishing the bridge for a very tensioned tetracyclic system. Such structure may justify the isoleucine fragmentation pattern, but on the other hand the sequence of the aminoacids did not fix. It was necessary to invert the central sequence of the aminoacids to reach out a final structure proposal which justifies all the requirements, relabeled as “kapakahine H”.[spa] La mayotlida es un producto natural de origen marino aislado por PharmaMar. SA.. En la primera propuesta que se hizo, se elucidó como un péptido con dos anillos macrocíclicos: en el anillo B estaban contenidos todos los aminoácidos de la molécula, destacando la presencia de una unidad de HPI, que procede de la ciclación intramolecular del extremo amino de un triptófano con el C2 del anillo de indol. El anillo A está formado por tres aminoácidos del anillo B: un triptófano, una isoleucina y el HPI, quedando cerrado por la formación de un enlace entre el N1 del triptófano y el C3a del HPI. El análisis de aminoácidos demostró la configuración L de todos ellos, quedando desconocida la estereoquímica del HPI. El HPI posee tres estereocentros: los C3a y C8a, que siempre están en cis por la propia configuración del anillo y se pueden considerar como un conjunto, y el estereocentro del Cα. Por tanto, son cuatro el número total de diasterómeros posibles. El anillo A con las cuatro posibilidades de HPI fue estudiado energéticamente con el programa MOE, llegando a la conclusión que los aductos exo son más estables que los endo, y que el aducto exo-L es más estable que el exo-D. Para abordar la síntesis de la mayotlida exo-L se adaptó una metodología desarrollada por Phil Baran y colaboradores para moléculas con una estructura relacionada a la mayotlida. Tras conseguir la síntesis de la mayotlida con el aducto exo-L del HPI, se comprueba que los espectros de RMN y de MS-MS presentan grandes divergencias. Ante la incapacidad de interpretar las diferencias existentes entre el producto natural y la mayotlida exo-L, se tomó la decisión de abordar la síntesis de la mayotlida con el aducto exo-D del HPI. En el transcurso de la síntesis exo-D se revisó extensivamente la bibliografía y los datos analíticos relacionados con la mayotlida: no existían antecedentes de productos naturales peptídicos con estructura Trp-HPI, y la estructura no encajaba con los datos más transcendentales del MS-MS. La estructura fue revisada, llegando a la conclusión de que podía pertenecer a la familia de las kapakahines, con una estructura central Trp-α carbolina y con la secuencia central de los aminoácidos invertida, rebautizada como kapakahina H

Juan Bautista Juanini (1636-1691) i Joan d'Alòs i Serradora (1617-1695)

Our work show a typical scientific relatioship in the last years of the XVIIthn century, inside the renovation movement in the science and medicine of these years. The actors of these relationship were the hispanic-italian doctor-surgeon Giovanni Battista Giovannini (or, in spanish, «Juan Bautista Juanini», Milan 1636 - Madrid 1691) and the catalan doctor and university lecturer Joan d'Alòs i Serradora (Moià 1617 - Barcelona 1695). Both live and work in these years intelectually close and became part of the european scientific movement called usually «the Moderns» group, or, in our countries, called «Novatores». Both are friends and developed a personal and scientifc relationship for years. The article show the epistolar manifestation of these relationship and the possible implications for the science and the medicine of the era in Spain and Cataloni

El depósito cerámico de la Cueva de las Grajas (Matienzo, Ruesga).

El fenómeno de las cuevas con depósitos cerámicos en superficie,   sin asociación de restos humanos, es relativamente frecuente en la Cornisa Cantábrica, al menos en su sector centro-oriental ; a pesar de ello es aún muy poco lo que se sabe de ellos. En este artículo se ofrecen los resultados del estudio de detalle de un yacimiento de este tipo intentando establecer su cronología y su atribución funcional. Su principal resultado es quizás la evidencia de la enorme complejidad interna de estos conjuntos, probablemente resultado de la suma de distintas actividades, desarrolladas en diferentes momentos

El megalitismo en Cantabria: una aproximación espacial

En las síntesis más recientes sobre el megalitismo en la Península Ibérica queda patente la idea de la independencia de los focos astur-galaico y vasco-pirenaico, derivada fundamentalmente de la ausencia de manifestaciones megalíticas en el sector central de la Cornisa Cantábrica, coincidente con la actual región de Cantabria. La constatación de la uniformidad en la distribución de las estructuras megalíticas en el corredor cantábrico plantea la necesidad de revisar los planteamientos en boga sobre el origen y difusión de este fenómeno en el Norte peninsular. De este modo quedaría superada la ''independencia" de los focos mencionados, estableciéndose un nuevo vector cultural a lo largo del Cantábrico. Las fechas radiocarbónicas de que se dispone apuntan a la contemporaneidad del fenómeno megalítico en toda la Cornisa Cantábrica 1 y contribuyen al conocimient del polémico proceso de neolitización en la misma (González Morales 1992). En la explicación de este sorprendente vacío intervienen un entramado de razones diversas, entre las que destaca la polarización de los estudios regionales hacia el Paleolítico Superior a causa de la importancia de los conjuntos con arte rupestre - Altamira y Castillo, sobre todo - . lo que provocó una empobrecedora asociación entre Arqueología y Espeleología. Esta limitó la prospección a los medios cársticos y ligó la investigación arqueológica a los grupos espeleológicos. A partir de su creación, el entonces Departamento de Prehistoria, de la Universidad de Cantabria, fija como una de sus líneas prioritarias de actuación la Prehistoria Reciente de esta región. Así se emprenden campañas sistemáticas de documentación de yacimientos al aire libre que suponen una inflexión en la investigación prehistórica regional ligada a una creciente profesionalización de la misma. La labor de la Universidad tiene un primer reflejo en la publicación de una síntesis de la Prehistoria Regional en la que se sientan las bases conceptuales y metodológ icas para el estudio de la misma (González Sainz; González Morales 1986) 2. A partir de entonces se emprende la excavación del dolmen del Alto de Lodos en la zona oriental (Serna y otros 1990), la necrópolis de La Raiz en la plataforma costera (Serna 1991a) y el conjunto megalítico de la Peña Oviedo en la comarca de Liébana (Diaz; Diez y otros 1991). En la actualidad se continúan los trabajos de campo en el conjunto de la Peña Oviedo, y se han comenzado en la necrópolis de Hayas-Alto Guriezo (Serna 1991c).In the most recent syntheses about the megalithism in the Iberian Peninsula, the idea of ​​the independence of the Astur-Galician and Basque-Pyrenean foci is evident, mainly derived from the absence of megalithic manifestations in the central sector of the Cantabrian Cornice, coinciding with the current region of Cantabria. The verification of the uniformity in the distribution of the megalithic structures in the Cantabrian corridor raises the need to review the current proposals on the origin and diffusion of this phenomenon in the North of the Iberian Peninsula. In this way, the "independence" of the mentioned centers would be overcome, establishing a new cultural vector along the Bay of Biscay. The radiocarbon dates available point to the contemporaneity of the A megalithic phenomenon throughout the Cantabrian Cornice 1 and contribute to the knowledge of the controversial neolithisation process in the area (González Morales 1992). In the explanation of this surprising emptiness a series of diverse reasons had played their role, among which the polarization of the regional studies towards the Upper Paleolithic stands out because of the importance of the rock art sites - Altamira and Castillo, above all -. Which caused an impoverishing association between Archeology and Speleology. This fact, have limited archaeological surveys to karst media and linked archaeological research to speleological groups. From its creation, the then Department of Prehistory, of the University of Cantabria, establishes as one of its priority lines of action the Recent Prehistory of this region. In this way, systematic campaigns are carried out to document open-air sites that represent an inflection in regional prehistoric research linked to a growing professionalization of the field. The work of the University has a first reflection in the publication of a synthesis of the Regional Prehistory in which are laid the conceptual and methodological bases for the study of the megalithism (González Sainz, González Morales 1986). From then on the excavation of: a) the Alto de Lodos dolmen in the eastern zone (Serna et al. 1990), b) the necropolis of La Raiz on the coastal platform (Serna 1991a) and c) the megalithic complex of Peña Oviedo in the Liébana valley (Diaz Casado; Diez Castillo et al. 1991) have been carried out. At present, fieldwork continues in the Peña Oviedo complex, and have begun at the Hayas-Alto Guriezo necropolis (Serna 1991c)

Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) for improving the topic modeling of the official bulletin of the spanish state (BOE)

Since Internet was born most people can access fully free to a lot sources of information. Every day a lot of web pages are created and new content is uploaded and shared. Never in the history the humans has been more informed but also uninformed due the huge amount of information that can be access. When we are looking for something in any search engine the results are too many for reading and filtering one by one. Recommended Systems (RS) was created to help us to discriminate and filter these information according to ours preferences. This contribution analyses the RS of the official agency of publications in Spain (BOE), which is known as "Mi BOE'. The way this RS works was analysed, and all the meta-data of the published documents were analysed in order to know the coverage of the system. The results of our analysis show that more than 89% of the documents cannot be recommended, because they are not well described at the documentary level, some of their key meta-data are empty. So, this contribution proposes a method to label documents automatically based on Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA). The results are that using this approach the system could recommend (at a theoretical point of view) more than twice of documents that it now does, 11% vs 23% after applied this approach

A cloud-based tool for sentiment analysis in reviews about restaurants on TripAdvisor

The tourism industry has been promoting its products and services based on the reviews that people often write on travel websites like TripAdvisor.com, Booking.com and other platforms like these. These reviews have a profound effect on the decision making process when evaluating which places to visit, such as which restaurants to book, etc. In this contribution is presented a cloud based software tool for the massive analysis of this social media data (TripAdvisor.com). The main characteristics of the tool developed are: i) the ability to aggregate data obtained from social media; ii) the possibility of carrying out combined analyses of both people and comments; iii) the ability to detect the sense (positive, negative or neutral) in which the comments rotate, quantifying the degree to which they are positive or negative, as well as predicting behaviour patterns from this information; and iv) the ease of doing everything in the same application (data downloading, pre-processing, analysis and visualisation). As a test and validation case, more than 33.500 revisions written in English on restaurants in the Province of Granada (Spain) were analyse

Bidding for B2B or B2G tenders: toward the adoption of pricing models in practice

Data availability The authors confirm that all data generated or analyzed are included in this published article. The data source for science mapping was Elsevier’s Scopus database. The search term for extracting the publication data is presented in Sect. 3 in Scopus syntax for replicability by other researchers. The same section also shows the parameterization of the SciMAT tool for transparency.This study investigates the lack of adoption of pricing models for tenders in business- to-business (B2B) and business-to-government (B2G) markets. We aim to identify the gaps between research and practice and propose a future research agenda to bridge these gaps. Our study contributes in three ways: First, we outline how our research agenda can influence the adoption of pricing models across specific practitioner roles in tendering. Second, we introduce systematic science mapping (SSM) as a novel methodology for literature reviews. SSM combines a systematic review and science mapping in a multi-stage, mixed-methods research design. We chart the evolution of 1042 research publications from 1956 to 2022 into three thematic areas. Our review of 163 gray literature publications reveals seven schools of thought on tender price modeling and the causes of theory-to-practice gaps. Finally, we introduce a new metric, the mapping factor (MAPF), as a robustness indicator for systematic literature reviews

Software tools for conducting bibliometric analysis in science: An up-to-date review

Bibliometrics has become an essential tool for assessing and analyzing the output of scientists, cooperation between universities, the effect of state-owned science funding on national research and development performance and educational efficiency, among other applications. Therefore, professionals and scientists need a range of theoretical and practical tools to measure experimental data. This review aims to provide an up-to-date review of the various tools available for conducting bibliometric and scientometric analyses, including the sources of data acquisition, performance analysis and visualization tools. The included tools were divided into three categories: general bibliometric and performance analysis, science mapping analysis, and libraries; a description of all of them is provided. A comparative analysis of the database sources support, pre-processing capabilities, analysis and visualization options were also provided in order to facilitate its understanding. Although there are numerous bibliometric databases to obtain data for bibliometric and scientometric analysis, they have been developed for a different purpose. The number of exportable records is between 500 and 50,000 and the coverage of the different science fields is unequal in each database. Concerning the analyzed tools, Bibliometrix contains the more extensive set of techniques and suitable for practitioners through Biblioshiny. VOSviewer has a fantastic visualization and is capable of loading and exporting information from many sources. SciMAT is the tool with a powerful pre-processing and export capability. In views of the variability of features, the users need to decide the desired analysis output and chose the option that better fits into their aims