Pérdida pre-dispersiva de semillas de Ramorinoa girolae Speg. (Fabaceae) en el Parque Provincial Ischigualasto (San Juan, Argentina)

Ramorinoa girolae es una especie “vulnerable” endémica de Argentina, cuyas semillas son depredadas por Anypsipyla univitella durante la etapa pre-dispersiva. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir algunos parámetros reproductivos (tamaño y número de frutos y semillas) de R. girolae, cuantificar la pérdida de semillas por aborto y depredación durante la etapa predispersiva y evaluar el efecto que tienen factores como la producción de frutos (por árbol, de los vecinos co-específicos y la suma de ambos), tamaño del fruto, número de semillas por fruto y número de depredadores por fruto sobre la depredación pre-dispersiva. Además, se analizó la viabilidad de las semillas consumidas parcialmente. En el Parque Provincial Ischigualasto, se trabajó con 17 individuos adultos de tres subpoblaciones separadas 4 km. Para cada árbol focal, se cuantificó el número de vecinos co-específicos y la producción de frutos. Se colectaron diez frutos de la copa de cada árbol focal y se midió su longitud y el número y estado de las semillas (intactas, depredadas y abortadas). Se construyeron Modelos Lineales Generalizados Mixtos para evaluar cuáles son las variables que mejor explican la proporción de semillas depredadas. R. girolae sufre una importante pérdida de semillas durante la etapa pre-dispersiva, principalmente debido a la depredación por A. univitella (58%). La proporción de semillas depredadas se relaciona principalmente con el número de depredadores, el número de semillas por fruto y el tamaño del fruto. Las mayores proporciones de semillas depredadas se encontraron en frutos que contenían más depredadores, más semillas por fruto y frutos de menor tamaño. El aborto de semillas no representaría un importante factor de pérdida de semillas (6%).Ramorinoa girolae Speg. is a “vulnerable” tree endemic to Argentina. During the pre-dispersal stage, the seeds are predated by Anypsipyla univitella. The objectives of this study were to describe some reproductive parameters (size and number of fruits and seeds) of R. girolae, to quantify pre-dispersal seed loss by abortion and predation, and to test the effect on pre-dispersal seed predation of fruit production (per tree, of co-specific neighbors, and the sum of both), size of fruits, number of seeds per fruit, and number of predators per fruit. As seeds can be partially consumed by the predator, the viability of partially damaged seeds was assessed as well. At Ischigualasto Park, we sampled 17 adult trees from 3 stands spaced 4 km apart. For each focal tree, we quantified the number of co-specific neighbors and their fruits. We collected ten fruits from canopies and recorded their length and the number and states of seeds (intact, predated, and aborted). Generalized Linear Mixed Models were fitted to evaluate explanatory variables affecting the proportion of pre-dispersal predated seeds. R. girolae suffers great loss of seeds during the pre-dispersal stage, mainly by seed predation (58% of seeds). The proportion of predated seeds was most important relative to the number of predators, the number of seeds per fruit, and the size of fruits. Fruits containing more predators, more seeds, and smaller fruits had higher proportions of predated seeds. Seed abortion would not represent an important factor of seed loss (6% of seeds).Fil: Papú, Sofía. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; ArgentinaFil: Lagos Silnik, Susana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas; ArgentinaFil: Campos, Claudia Monica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas; Argentin

Foreign Correspondents and International Newsgathering: The Role of Fixers

“Una vez que encuentras un buen fixer… es mejor que lo retengas porque es polvo de oro”, le dice Adrian Brown, corresponsal extranjero de Channel 7, de Australia, a Colleen Murrell (p. 88), al referirse a la importancia que tienen los fixers o colaboradores locales –la BBC los llama “productores locales” desde hace un tiempo- en la cobertura internacional de televisión

The physics of galaxy formation

We investigate improved, more physical methods for modelling key processes in galaxy formation that take place in the interstellar medium, and study their effects on the observed properties and evolution of galaxies. The topics we investigate are: (i) improvements to the relation between the star formation rates (SFRs) and the cold gas contents of galaxies; (ii) how to predict the atomic and molecular gas masses in galaxies with different properties, (iii) how to predict the emission of widely used molecular tracers, such as carbon monoxide (CO); and (iv) the gas outflows from galaxies driven by supernovae and their dependence on local and global properties of galaxies. We perform these studies using the semi-analytic model of galaxy formation GALFORM, and fully embed our calculations in a cosmological scenario, the Lambda cold dark matter paradigm. This is done with the dual aims of understanding how the physical processes above affect galaxy formation and evolution in a statistical fashion, and to improve and extend the predictive power of galaxy formation models. We find that by calculating the SFR from the molecular gas content and relating the molecular-to-atomic mass ratio in the interstellar medium to the hydrostatic pressure in the midplane of the disk, we can explain the observed atomic gas mass function and clustering of galaxies selected by their atomic hydrogen mass, the SFRs of local and high-redshift galaxies, the evolution of the molecular hydrogen gas fraction and the global atomic hydrogen abundance of the universe, and the local scaling relations between gas contents and other galaxy properties. We also find that by coupling GALFORM with a radiative transfer and interstellar chemistry code describing photon dominated regions, our new model can explain the observed emission of CO from different types of galaxy. Finally, based on a physical description of the dynamical evolution of bubbles created by supernovae in the interstellar medium, we find that the outflow rate driven by supernovae depends strongly on the surface density of gas plus stars and the gas fraction. We critically revise the phenomenological prescriptions widely used to describe supernova feedback in the literature and propose new physically motivated prescriptions

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We investigate measuring the peculiar motions of galaxies up to $z=0.5$ using Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) from LSST, and predict the subsequent constraints on the growth rate of structure. We consider two cases. Our first is based on measurements of the volumetric SNe Ia rate and assumes we can obtain spectroscopic redshifts and light curves for varying fractions of objects that are detected pre-peak luminosity by LSST (some of which may be obtained by LSST itself and others which would require additional follow-up). We find that these measurements could produce growth rate constraints at $z<0.5$ that significantly outperform those using Redshift Space Distortions (RSD) with DESI or 4MOST, even though there are $\sim4\times$ fewer objects. For our second case, we use semi-analytic simulations and a prescription for the SNe Ia rate as a function of stellar mass and star formation rate to predict the number of LSST SNe IA whose host redshifts may already have been obtained with the Taipan+WALLABY surveys, or with a future multi-object spectroscopic survey. We find $\sim 18,000$ and $\sim 160,000$ SN Ia with host redshifts for these cases respectively. Whilst this is only a fraction of the total LSST-detected SNe Ia, they could be used to significantly augment and improve the growth rate constraints compared to only RSD. Ultimately, we find that combining LSST SNe Ia with large numbers of galaxy redshifts will provide the most powerful probe of large scale gravity in the $z<0.5$ regime over the coming decades.Comment: 12 pages, 1 table, 5 figures. Accepted for publication in ApJ. The Fisher matrix forecast code used in this paper can be found at: https://github.com/CullanHowlett/PV_fisher. Updated to fix error in Eq. 1 (thanks to Eric Linder for pointing this out

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Thousands of milky ways: Galaxy satellites and building blocks

A semi-analytic model of galaxy formation with and without active galactic nuclei feedback is used to study the nature of possible building blocks (BBs) of z = 0 galaxies, including those of Milky-Way types. We find that BBs can show an important range of properties arising from environmental variables such as host halo mass, and whether a galaxy is a satellite within its host halo; the stellar formation histories are comparatively faster and the chemical enrichment is more efficient in BBs than in surviving satellites, in accordance with recent metallicity measurements for the Milky Way. These results can be used in combination with observational constraints to continue probing the ability of the cold dark-matter scenario to reproduce the history of galaxy demography in the Universe.Instituto de Astrofísica de La Plat