Murine Models of B-Cell Lymphomas: Promising Tools for Designing Cancer Therapies

Human B-cell lymphomas, the fourth most common hematologic malignancy, are currently the subject of extensive research. The limited accessibility of biopsies, the heterogeneity among patients, and the subtypes of lymphomas have necessitated the development of animal models to decipher immune escape mechanisms and design new therapies. Here, we summarize the cell lines and murine models used to study lymphomagenesis, the lymphoma microenvironment, and the efficacy of new therapies. These data allow us to understand the role of the immune system in the fight against tumors. Exploring the advantages and limitations of immunocompetent versus immunodeficient models improves our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of tumor genesis and development as well as the fundamental processes governing the interaction of tumors and their host tissues. We posit that these basic preclinical investigations will open up new and promising approaches to designing better therapies

Th17 Cells Are Involved in the Local Control of Tumor Progression in Primary Intraocular Lymphoma

BACKGROUND: Th17 cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of many autoimmune diseases, but despite some reports of their antitumor properties, too little is known about their presence and role in cancers. Specifically, knowledge is sparse about the relation of Th17 to lymphoma microenvironments and, more particularly, to the microenvironment of primary intraocular B-cell lymphoma (PIOL), an aggressive lymphoma with a poor prognosis. METHODS AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In this work, we investigated the presence of Th17 cells and their related cytokines in a syngeneic model of PIOL, a subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The very small number of lymphocytes trafficking in normal eyes, which represent a low background as compared to tumor-bearing eyes, allows us to develop the present model to characterize the different lymphocyte subsets present when a tumor is developing. IL-21 mRNA was expressed concomitantly with IL-17 mRNA in tumor-bearing eyes and intracellular expression of IL-17A and IL-21 in infiltrating CD4(+) T lymphocytes. Interestingly, IL-17A production by T cells was negatively correlated with tumor burden. We also showed that IL-21 but not IL-17 inhibits tumor cell proliferation in vitro. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate that IL-17A and IL-21-producing CD4(+) T cells, referred as Th17 cells, infiltrate this tumor locally and suggest that Th17-related cytokines may counteract tumor progression via IL-21 production. Thus, Th17 cells or their related cytokines could be considered to be a new therapeutic approach for non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphomas, particularly those with an ocular localization

Global Patterns of Bacterial Beta-Diversity in Seafloor and Seawater Ecosystems

Background Marine microbial communities have been essential contributors to global biomass, nutrient cycling, and biodiversity since the early history of Earth, but so far their community distribution patterns remain unknown in most marine ecosystems. Methodology/Principal Findings The synthesis of 9.6 million bacterial V6-rRNA amplicons for 509 samples that span the global ocean's surface to the deep-sea floor shows that pelagic and benthic communities greatly differ, at all taxonomic levels, and share <10% bacterial types defined at 3% sequence similarity level. Surface and deep water, coastal and open ocean, and anoxic and oxic ecosystems host distinct communities that reflect productivity, land influences and other environmental constraints such as oxygen availability. The high variability of bacterial community composition specific to vent and coastal ecosystems reflects the heterogeneity and dynamic nature of these habitats. Both pelagic and benthic bacterial community distributions correlate with surface water productivity, reflecting the coupling between both realms by particle export. Also, differences in physical mixing may play a fundamental role in the distribution patterns of marine bacteria, as benthic communities showed a higher dissimilarity with increasing distance than pelagic communities. Conclusions/Significance This first synthesis of global bacterial distribution across different ecosystems of the World's oceans shows remarkable horizontal and vertical large-scale patterns in bacterial communities. This opens interesting perspectives for the definition of biogeographical biomes for bacteria of ocean waters and the seabed

Defective lymphoid organogenesis underlies the immune deficiency caused by a heterozygous S32I mutation in IκBα.

Patients with ectodermal dysplasia with immunodeficiency (ED-ID) caused by mutations in the inhibitor of NF-κB α (IκBα) are susceptible to severe recurrent infections, despite normal T and B cell numbers and intact in vitro lymphocyte function. Moreover, the outcome of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in these patients is poor despite good engraftment. Mice heterozygous for the IκBα S32I mutation found in patients exhibited typical features of ED-ID. Strikingly, the mice lacked lymph nodes, Peyer's patches, splenic marginal zones, and follicular dendritic cells and failed to develop contact hypersensitivity (CHS) or form germinal centers (GCs), all features not previously recognized in patients and typical of defective noncanonical NF-κB signaling. Lymphotoxin β receptor (LTβR)-driven induction of chemokines and adhesion molecules mediated by both canonical and noncanonical NF-κB pathways was impaired, and levels of p100 were markedly diminished in the mutant. IκBα mutant → Rag2(-/-), but not WT→IκBα mutant, bone marrow chimeras formed proper lymphoid organs and developed CHS and GCs. Defective architectural cell function explains the immunodeficiency and poor outcome of HSCT in patients with IκBα deficiency and suggests that correction of this niche is critical for reconstituting their immune function

Etude de la présence et du rôle des lymphocytes Th17 dans le micro-environnement des lymphomes B murins

Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the main B cell non hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) sub-type which is the most common form of hematologic malignancy. A rich T-cell infiltrate in the B-NHL microenvironment is clearly associated with a good survival rate. B-NHL could take origin in different kind of tissues of which immune privileged sites as eyes and brain where immune reactions are inhibited or delayed. My PhD project was to study tumor-immune microenvironment interactions in immune privileged sites. We studied immune infiltrate in intrasplenic, intracerebral or intraocular large B-cell murine models with flow cytometry. T lymphocytes, mainly composed of CD4+ T cells, infiltrate B-cell lymphomas independently of the localization. Th17 cells, an IL-17-producing CD4+ T cell sub-population, are present in the micro-environment of the three tumor sites and we demonstrated their anti-tumor role in the intraocular lymphoma. Nevertheless, we highlighted the suppressor impact of Treg on effector T cells only in immune privileged sites, by ex vivo stimulation and in vivo Treg depletion. When the inhibition was unactivated, tumor growth slowed and other CD4+ T-cells sub-populations are favored : Th2 in eyes and Th17 in brain. Overall, these data showed the strong importance of effector T cells for the large B cell lymphoma growth control, including in immune privileged sites. Stimulating effector T cells, taking to account tumor localization, should be further investigated to enhance DLBCL treatment.Le principal cancer hématologique est le lymphome B non-hodgkinien (LNH) dont la forme la plus courante est le lymphome B diffus à grande cellule (DLBCL). La présence d'un infiltrat lymphocytaire T dans le micro-environnement d'un LNH-B nodal a été clairement associée à un bon pronostic vital des patients. Le LNH-B peut se développer dans divers tissus dont certains organes immunologiquement privilégiés, comme les yeux et le cerveau, où les réponses immunitaires sont inhibées ou retardées. Mon projet de thèse a consisté à étudier les interactions tumeur-micro-environnement immunitaire dans des sites de privilège immunitaire. Nous avons comparé les infiltrats immunitaires de lymphomes B murins à grandes cellules intra-splénique, intra-cérébral et intra-oculaire par cytométrie en flux. Les lymphocytes T (LT), majoritairement CD4+, infiltrent les lymphomes B quelles que soient leurs localisations. Les Th17, une sous-population lymphocytaire CD4+ produisant de l'IL-17, sont présents dans les 3 sites tumoraux et nous avons démontré leur rôle anti-tumoral dans le lymphome intra-oculaire. Cependant, nous avons mis en évidence l'impact suppresseur des Treg sur les LT effecteurs dans les organes immunologiquement privilégiés uniquement, par stimulation ex vivo des LT et déplétion in vivo des Treg. Lorsque cette inhibition est levée, la progression tumorale est ralentie et d'autres sous-populations T CD4+ sont favorisées en fonction de la localisation de la tumeur : les Th2 dans l'œil et les Th17 dans le cerveau. L'ensemble de ces données montre l'importance des LT effecteurs dans le contrôle du développement du lymphome B à grandes cellules y compris dans les sites immunologiquement privilégiés. Une piste importante à explorer serait de stimuler les LT effecteurs en tenant compte de la localisation pour améliorer le traitement des DLBCL

Etude de la présence et du rôle des lymphocytes Th17 dans le micro-environnement des lymphomes B murins

Le principal cancer hématologique est le lymphome B non-hodgkinien (LNH) dont la forme la plus courante est le lymphome B diffus à grande cellule (DLBCL). La présence d un infiltrat lymphocytaire T dans le micro-environnement d un LNH-B nodal a été clairement associée à un bon pronostic vital des patients. Le LNH-B peut se développer dans divers tissus dont certains organes immunologiquement privilégiés, comme les yeux et le cerveau, où les réponses immunitaires sont inhibées ou retardées. Mon projet de thèse a consisté à étudier les interactions tumeur-micro-environnement immunitaire dans des sites de privilège immunitaire. Nous avons comparé les infiltrats immunitaires de lymphomes B murins à grandes cellules intra-splénique, intra-cérébral et intra-oculaire par cytométrie en flux. Les lymphocytes T (LT), majoritairement CD4+, infiltrent les lymphomes B quelles que soient leurs localisations. Les Th17, une sous-population lymphocytaire CD4+ produisant de l IL-17, sont présents dans les 3 sites tumoraux et nous avons démontré leur rôle anti-tumoral dans le lymphome intra-oculaire.Cependant, nous avons mis en évidence l impact suppresseur des Treg sur les LT effecteurs dans les organes immunologiquement privilégiés uniquement, par stimulation ex vivo des LT et déplétion in vivo des Treg. Lorsque cette inhibition est levée, la progression tumorale est ralentie et d autres sous-populations T CD4+ sont favorisées en fonction de la localisation de la tumeur : les Th2 dans l œil et les Th17 dans le cerveau. L ensemble de ces données montre l importance des LT effecteurs dans le contrôle du développement du lymphome B à grandes cellules y compris dans les sites immunologiquement privilégiés. Une piste importante à explorer serait de stimuler les LT effecteurs en tenant compte de la localisation pour améliorer le traitement des DLBCLDiffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the main B cell non hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) sub-type which is the most common form of hematologic malignancy. A rich T-cell infiltrate in the B-NHL microenvironment is clearly associated with a good survival rate. B-NHL could take origin in different kind of tissues of which immune privileged sites as eyes and brain where immune reactions are inhibited or delayed. My PhD project was to study tumor-immune microenvironment interactions in immune privileged sites. We studied immune infiltrate in intrasplenic, intracerebral or intraocular large B-cell murine models with flow cytometry. T lymphocytes, mainly composed of CD4+ T cells, infiltrate B-cell lymphomas independently of the localization. Th17 cells, an IL-17-producing CD4+ T cell sub-population, are present in the micro-environment of the three tumor sites and we demonstrated their anti-tumor role in the intraocular lymphoma. Nevertheless, we highlighted the suppressor impact of Treg on effector T cells only in immune privileged sites, by ex vivo stimulation and in vivo Treg depletion. When the inhibition was unactivated, tumor growth slowed and other CD4+ T-cells sub-populations are favored : Th2 in eyes and Th17 in brain. Overall, these data showed the strong importance of effector T cells for the large B cell lymphoma growth control, including in immune privileged sites. Stimulating effector T cells, taking to account tumor localization, should be further investigated to enhance DLBCL treatmentPARIS-BIUSJ-Biologie recherche (751052107) / SudocSudocFranceF