Qualidade fisiológica e comportamento de sementes de soja (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) no armazenamento e no campo

Soybean, seeds (Glucine max (L.) Merrill) of IAC-Foscarin 31'(Group Vl)and ' IAC-8' (Group VIII) were harvested we ekly in field plots planted in 1981, 1982 and 1983; after harvests, seeds were stored under normal environment conditions, dry chamber (35% RH) and cold chamber (10°C + 80% RH) during six months at the Seed Laboratory of the Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de Sio Paulo,Brasil. The behavior of seeds during storage was evaluated bimonthly by germination, accelerated aging, electrical conductivity and seedling emergence tests; plant performance was studied in field experiments planted in 1982, 1983 and 1984. Results showed that all laboratory tests were related to field emergence, but electrical conductivity was found to be the most efficient test to characterize physiological quality and field emergence potential. Seeds of'IAC -8' showed better quality than 'IAC-Foscarin 31', but this fact was related to environmental conditions during maturation and harvest time. Storability was determined by environmental relative humidity and initial quality of seeds.A presente pesquisa, conduzida entre 1931 e 1935, no Departamento de Agricultura e Horticultura da Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz"/ USP, constou de colheita, em diferentes épocas, de campos de sementes dos cultivares IAC-Foscarin 31 (precoce) e IAC-8 (semi-tardio). Os materiais coletados foram, em seguida, armazenados em câmara seca, câmara fria e ambiente normal; periodicamente , com intervalos bimestrais, conduziram-se testes de germinação, envelhecimento acelerado, condutividade elétrica e emergência das plântulas, além de ensaios de campo instalados em época normal de semeadura para a cultura da soja. Observou-se que os testes realizados em laboratorio, com destaque para o de condutividade elétrica, mostraram-se eficientes para diferenciar níveis de qualidade fisiológica e estimar o potencial de emergencia das plântulas; sementes do cultivar precoce apresentaram qualidade fisiológica inferior às do semi-tardio, fato atribuido às condições climáticas adversas predominantes durante o final do ciclo das plantas. A umidade relativa do ambiente e a qualidade fisiológica inicial constituiram-se em fatores preponderantes no potencial de conservação das sementes

Estudos sobre a nutrição mineral do sorgo granífero: VII absorção de sulfato marcado por raizes destacadas

Some aspects of SO4² absorption by excised roots of "Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench" namely, inibition effects of NaF, KCN, 2,4- DNP and factors such as aeration, solution pH and temperature on the rate of absorption were studied. The excised roots showed multiphasic mecanism of SO4²- absorption. The relative absorption rates, presented by three varieties, were in decreasing order: Tey-101, Contibrasil-101 and Dekalb-E-57. Inhibition effects on the absorption of SO4²- by excised roots were shown in the case of the three ihibitors studied hereof-. Aeration and solution temperature are important factors on SO4²- absorption. At the external solutio n concentration of Na,2SO(4)10-³M the best fitted equation to the experimental values was shown to be: umoles/g dry matter = 1,639- 1,585 exp. (-0,006618t)Um estudo da absorção de sulfato por raizes destacadas de sorgo granífero mostrou: mecanismo (ou sítios) múltiplo para absorção; o tamanho do espaço livre aparente; a influência da temperatura, pH; a dependência da atividade metabólica

Tracking development assistance for health and for COVID-19 : a review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 204 countries and territories, 1990-2050

Background The rapid spread of COVID-19 renewed the focus on how health systems across the globe are financed, especially during public health emergencies. Development assistance is an important source of health financing in many low-income countries, yet little is known about how much of this funding was disbursed for COVID-19. We aimed to put development assistance for health for COVID-19 in the context of broader trends in global health financing, and to estimate total health spending from 1995 to 2050 and development assistance for COVID-19 in 2020. Methods We estimated domestic health spending and development assistance for health to generate total health-sector spending estimates for 204 countries and territories. We leveraged data from the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database to produce estimates of domestic health spending. To generate estimates for development assistance for health, we relied on project-level disbursement data from the major international development agencies' online databases and annual financial statements and reports for information on income sources. To adjust our estimates for 2020 to include disbursements related to COVID-19, we extracted project data on commitments and disbursements from a broader set of databases (because not all of the data sources used to estimate the historical series extend to 2020), including the UN Office of Humanitarian Assistance Financial Tracking Service and the International Aid Transparency Initiative. We reported all the historic and future spending estimates in inflation-adjusted 2020 US$, 2020 US$ per capita, purchasing-power parity-adjusted US$per capita, and as a proportion of gross domestic product. We used various models to generate future health spending to 2050. Findings In 2019, health spending globally reached$8. 8 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 8.7-8.8) or $1132 (1119-1143) per person. Spending on health varied within and across income groups and geographical regions. Of this total,$40.4 billion (0.5%, 95% UI 0.5-0.5) was development assistance for health provided to low-income and middle-income countries, which made up 24.6% (UI 24.0-25.1) of total spending in low-income countries. We estimate that $54.8 billion in development assistance for health was disbursed in 2020. Of this,$13.7 billion was targeted toward the COVID-19 health response. $12.3 billion was newly committed and$1.4 billion was repurposed from existing health projects. $3.1 billion (22.4$2.4 billion (17.9%) was for supply chain and logistics. Only $714.4 million (7.7$1519 (1448-1591) per person in 2050, although spending across countries is expected to remain varied. Interpretation Global health spending is expected to continue to grow, but remain unequally distributed between countries. We estimate that development organisations substantially increased the amount of development assistance for health provided in 2020. Continued efforts are needed to raise sufficient resources to mitigate the pandemic for the most vulnerable, and to help curtail the pandemic for all. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe

UTILIZAÇÃO DO TESTE DE CONDUTIVIDADE ELÉTRICA PARA PREVISÃO DO POTENCIAL GERMINATIVO DE SEMENTES DE INGÁ

Sementes de espécies do gênero Inga apresentam curta longevidade em condições naturais, freqüentemente inferiores a 15 dias. O teste de germinação para estas sementes tem duração de 7 a 15 dias, tornando-o de difícil aplicabilidade na separação de lotes de sementes a serem beneficiados e armazenados. Assim, esta pesquisa visou verificar a eficiência da utilização do teste de condutividade elétrica na separação, quanto à qualidade fisiológica, de lotes de sementes de ingá (Inga uruguensis Hook. &amp; Arn.). Foram utilizados três lotes de sementes distintos quanto à sua época de coleta, cada qual com dois sublotes em função da forma de obtenção (colheita diretamente nas árvores e coleta sobre o solo). Todos foram armazenados por período de 80 dias, em vermiculita úmida dentro de câmara fria, com análises a cada 20 dias. Os resultados comprovaram a eficiência do teste na separação de lotes de alta (germinação superior a 50%), média (germinação entre 10 e 40%) ou baixa (germinação inferior a 10%) qualidade fisiológica que corresponderam a valores de condutividade elétrica de, respectivamente, 0-25, 25-60 e acima de 60 mS.g de peso de matéria seca-1.cm-1.<br>Inga seeds have short life under natural conditions, often lower than 15 days. Since, the germination tests for these seeds last 7-15 days, they are inefficient to separate seed lots for processing and storage. This research was carried out to verify the efficacy of the electrical conductivity test to determine the physiological seed quality of I. uruguensis. Fruits were collected at three dates, directly from the trees or from the ground, forming six sublots of different quality. All of them were stored for 80 days in wet vermiculite and in a cold chamber. Seed quality was evaluated every 20 days. The results confirmed the test efficacy to separate of seed lots in three categories: high (more than 50% germination), intermediate (germination between 10 and 40%) and poor (less than 10% germination) qualities that corresponded, respectively, to 0-25, 25-60 and up 60 mS.g of dry weight-1.cm-1

Establishment of seed quality control programs Implantação de programas de controle de qualidade de sementes

An efficient quality control program should lead to the production of high quality seeds. Consequently, a series of technical and administrative procedures must be adopted in a way that does not compromise this objective. Considering that, in applied terms, external control becomes less important as internal control programs advance technologically, this work emphasizes the principle factors that should be considered in the implantation of a seed quality control program, such as: work groups, physical structure and procedures to initiate the program.<br>Um programa de controle de qualidade deve proporcionar a produção de sementes de alta qualidade. Para que tal objetivo seja alcançado com sucesso, e necessário a adoção de uma serie de procedimentos técnicos e administrativos, sem os quais haverá comprometimento das metas a serem atingidas. Levando-se em conta que, em termos aplicados, o controle externo perde importância na medida que avançam tecnologicamente os programas de controle interno, o presente trabalho aborda os principais fatores que devem ser considerados na implantação de um programa de controle de qualidade de sementes, tais como: equipe de trabalho, estrutura física e procedimentos para iniciar o programa