Fluktuation auf regionalen Wohnungsmärkten: empirische Befunde zur Relevanz von regionalstrukturellen, nachfrage- und angebotsseitigen Parametern

Die Fluktuation von Haushalten stellt eine wesentliche Größe für die Analyse von regionalen Wohnungsmärkten dar und ist für die Einschätzung des verfügbaren Wohnraums elementar. Im Fokus des vorliegenden Beitrags steht die Frage, wie die Fluktuation regional variiert. Auf Basis einer Sonderauswertung des Mikrozensus 2014 werden verschiedene Schätzmodelle präsentiert. Diese ermöglichen die Berechnung regionaler Fluktuationsquoten für den gesamten Wohnungsmarkt sowie lediglich für den Mietwohnungsmarkt. Durch die Verwendung von allgemein vorliegenden, regionalstrukturellen, nachfrage- und angebotsseitigen Parametern können die Schätzmodelle in verschiedensten Anwendungskontexten genutzt werden. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen insbesondere, dass bei einer isolierten Betrachtung von Mieterhaushalten sich die Fluktuation in Großstädten nicht besonders stark von ländlichen Räumen unterscheidet. Der größere Unterschied bei der Fluktuation aller Haushalte entsteht im regionalen Vergleich durch unterschiedliche Wohneigentumsquoten

Ansätze zur Reduktion der Nebenkosten im sozialen Wohnungsbau am Beispiel des Vorhabens "PassivhausSozialPlus" in Darmstadt

ANSÄTZE ZUR REDUKTION DER NEBENKOSTEN IM SOZIALEN WOHNUNGSBAU AM BEISPIEL DES VORHABENS "PASSIVHAUSSOZIALPLUS" IN DARMSTADT Ansätze zur Reduktion der Nebenkosten im sozialen Wohnungsbau am Beispiel des Vorhabens "PassivhausSozialPlus" in Darmstadt / Großklos, Marc (Rights reserved) ( -

Localized direction selective responses in the dendrites of visual interneurons of the fly

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The various tasks of visual systems, including course control, collision avoidance and the detection of small objects, require at the neuronal level the dendritic integration and subsequent processing of many spatially distributed visual motion inputs. While much is known about the pooled output in these systems, as in the medial superior temporal cortex of monkeys or in the lobula plate of the insect visual system, the motion tuning of the elements that provide the input has yet received little attention. In order to visualize the motion tuning of these inputs we examined the dendritic activation patterns of neurons that are selective for the characteristic patterns of wide-field motion, the lobula-plate tangential cells (LPTCs) of the blowfly. These neurons are known to sample direction-selective motion information from large parts of the visual field and combine these signals into axonal and dendro-dendritic outputs.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Fluorescence imaging of intracellular calcium concentration allowed us to take a direct look at the local dendritic activity and the resulting local preferred directions in LPTC dendrites during activation by wide-field motion in different directions. These 'calcium response fields' resembled a retinotopic dendritic map of local preferred directions in the receptive field, the layout of which is a distinguishing feature of different LPTCs.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our study reveals how neurons acquire selectivity for distinct visual motion patterns by dendritic integration of the local inputs with different preferred directions. With their spatial layout of directional responses, the dendrites of the LPTCs we investigated thus served as matched filters for wide-field motion patterns.</p

Ermittlung der existenzsichernden Bedarfe für die Kosten der Unterkunft und Heizung in der Grundsicherung für Arbeitsuchende nach dem Zweiten Buch Sozialgesetzbuch (SGB II) und in der Sozialhilfe nach dem Zwölften Buch Sozialgesetzbuch (SGB XII): Endbericht mit Materialband vom 30.11.2016

Die vorliegende Studie befasst sich mit der Ermittlung existenzsichernder Bedarfe der Unterkunft und Heizung für Bedarfs- und Einstandsgemeinschaften nach SGB II und SGB XII. Zum einen untersucht sie auf der Grundlage einer bundesweiten Kommunalbefragung, zwölf Fallstudien sowie zwanzig Expertengesprächen die aktuelle Umsetzungspraxis. Es werden unterschiedliche Verfahrensweisen der Grundsicherungs- und Sozialhilfeträger unter Berücksichtigung der wohnungsmarktlichen Rahmbedingungen analysiert und zentrale Herausforderungen und Probleme der Umsetzung diskutiert. Hier zeigt sich eine Vielfalt an Umsetzungswegen, die letztlich durch normative Entscheidungsspielräume auf kommunaler Ebene geprägt und weniger durch unterschiedliche Wohnungsmarktkontexte begründet ist. Zum anderen werden in der Studie mit dem Ziel einer existenzsichernden Bedarfsdeckung unterschiedliche Verfahren entwickelt, mit Hilfe derer mögliche Mietobergrenzen berechnet werden. Dabei differenziert die Studie zwischen drei grundlegenden Bemessungsansätzen, die im Wesentlichen auf der Abbildung der Wohnkosten einer definierten Referenzgruppe, den ortsüblichen Miete eines bestimmten Wohnstandards oder den Kosten für die Neuanmietung einer ausreichenden Menge von Wohnraum basieren. Verknüpft mit den verschiedenen Ansätzen sind unterschiedliche Datengrundlagen und Berechnungsschritte. Die Vergleichsberechnung in den zwölf Fallstudien und 878 deutschen Mittelbereichen zeigt im Ergebnis deutliche Unterschiede. Abschließend werden unterschiedliche Wege der Weiterentwicklung der rechtlichen Rahmensetzung diskutiert. Hier werden Möglichkeiten der Bedarfsbemessung durch den Bund, die durch die aktuelle Datenlage beschränkt werden, und Empfehlungen bezüglich einzelner Verfahrensschritte der Bemessung beschrieben.The study seeks to appraise the rent benefit level necessary to meet welfare recipients’ basic need for housing and heating. First, it examines the actual practice at a local level based on a nationwide survey, twelve case studies and twenty interviews with experts. The study analyses the different approaches of welfare authorities while considering regional housing market conditions. The crucial challenges and problems regarding implementation are also discussed, revealing that there are a variety of implementation paths. These are determined by normative decisions at a local level rather than different housing market contexts. Second, the study develops different approaches with the goal of calculating potential limits to ensure that the rent benefit level can meet the basic requirements for housing and heating. Here, the study differentiates between three basic assessment options based on: the housing costs of a defined reference group of low-income recipients, the usual local rent for a simple dwelling or the cost that allows for access to a share of the rental housing market that satisfies demand. Different data sources and calculation steps are linked with these three basic assessment options. A comparative calculation regarding the twelve case studies and the 878 German Mittelbereiche (geographical regions served by central places of the second out of four levels of importance) shows very different results. Finally, the study discusses different ways of developing the legal framework. This includes options for determining the rent benefit level by the federal government, that are constrained by the current lack of data, and suggestions referring to the different steps of determining the level by the local authorities

Function of a Fly Motion-Sensitive Neuron Matches Eye Movements during Free Flight

Sensing is often implicitly assumed to be the passive acquisition of information. However, part of the sensory information is generated actively when animals move. For instance, humans shift their gaze actively in a sequence of saccades towards interesting locations in a scene. Likewise, many insects shift their gaze by saccadic turns of body and head, keeping their gaze fixed between saccades. Here we employ a novel panoramic virtual reality stimulator and show that motion computation in a blowfly visual interneuron is tuned to make efficient use of the characteristic dynamics of retinal image flow. The neuron is able to extract information about the spatial layout of the environment by utilizing intervals of stable vision resulting from the saccadic viewing strategy. The extraction is possible because the retinal image flow evoked by translation, containing information about object distances, is confined to low frequencies. This flow component can be derived from the total optic flow between saccades because the residual intersaccadic head rotations are small and encoded at higher frequencies. Information about the spatial layout of the environment can thus be extracted by the neuron in a computationally parsimonious way. These results on neuronal function based on naturalistic, behaviourally generated optic flow are in stark contrast to conclusions based on conventional visual stimuli that the neuron primarily represents a detector for yaw rotations of the animal

Association between convalescent plasma treatment and mortality in COVID-19: a collaborative systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

Funder: laura and john arnold foundationBACKGROUND: Convalescent plasma has been widely used to treat COVID-19 and is under investigation in numerous randomized clinical trials, but results are publicly available only for a small number of trials. The objective of this study was to assess the benefits of convalescent plasma treatment compared to placebo or no treatment and all-cause mortality in patients with COVID-19, using data from all available randomized clinical trials, including unpublished and ongoing trials (Open Science Framework, https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/GEHFX ). METHODS: In this collaborative systematic review and meta-analysis, clinical trial registries (ClinicalTrials.gov, WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform), the Cochrane COVID-19 register, the LOVE database, and PubMed were searched until April 8, 2021. Investigators of trials registered by March 1, 2021, without published results were contacted via email. Eligible were ongoing, discontinued and completed randomized clinical trials that compared convalescent plasma with placebo or no treatment in COVID-19 patients, regardless of setting or treatment schedule. Aggregated mortality data were extracted from publications or provided by investigators of unpublished trials and combined using the Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman random effects model. We investigated the contribution of unpublished trials to the overall evidence. RESULTS: A total of 16,477 patients were included in 33 trials (20 unpublished with 3190 patients, 13 published with 13,287 patients). 32 trials enrolled only hospitalized patients (including 3 with only intensive care unit patients). Risk of bias was low for 29/33 trials. Of 8495 patients who received convalescent plasma, 1997 died (23%), and of 7982 control patients, 1952 died (24%). The combined risk ratio for all-cause mortality was 0.97 (95% confidence interval: 0.92; 1.02) with between-study heterogeneity not beyond chance (I2 = 0%). The RECOVERY trial had 69.8% and the unpublished evidence 25.3% of the weight in the meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Convalescent plasma treatment of patients with COVID-19 did not reduce all-cause mortality. These results provide strong evidence that convalescent plasma treatment for patients with COVID-19 should not be used outside of randomized trials. Evidence synthesis from collaborations among trial investigators can inform both evidence generation and evidence application in patient care