Reexamining the Yahoo! Litigations:Toward an Effects Test for Determining International Cyberspace Jurisdiction

This Comment argues the courts should employ an effects test when deciding international civil disputes involving solely cyberspace harms

A New Weapon against Piracy: Patent Protection as an Alternative Strategy for Enforcement of Digital Rights

This article illustrates how patents and copyrights complement each other to provide a better defense for creative works. Copyrights protect expression, and patents protect underlying functions. Currently, the one-time strengths of copyrights are being eroded as courts allow new technologies to flourish which enable digital reproduction and piracy. This has encouraged companies and industries to move increasingly to patent protection and any company that fails to pursue this trend may be left behind. In sum, patents are a worthwhile strategy because they assist copyright owners in controlling the technology that enables infringement while copyrights alone would leave a company vulnerable in this dawning digital age

Perceived environmental factors associated with obesity in Libyan men and women

Background: There is a lack of research pertaining to the links between built environment attributes and obesity in adults in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. In the Libyan context, no previous studies have been conducted to investigate this relationship. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine associations between perceived neighbourhood built environmental attributes and obesity among Libyan men and women. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was also assessed. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was used for the population-based survey in Benghazi, Libya. A multi-stage cluster sampling technique was used to select Libyan adults from the Benghazi electoral register. The Physical Activity Neighbourhood Environment Scale (PANES) was used to measure participants’ perception of neighbourhood environmental factors. Using the Tanita BC-601 Segmental Body Composition Monitor and a portable stadiometer, anthropometric measurements were taken at a mutually agreeable place by qualified nurses. Results: Four hundred and one Libyan adults were recruited (78% response rate). Participants were aged 20–65 years, 63% were female, and all had lived in Benghazi for over 10 years. The prevalence of obesity and overweight was 42.4% and 32.9% respectively. A significant association was found between BMI and 6 neighbourhood environment attributes, specifically: street connectivity, unsafe environment and committing crimes at night, and neighbourhood aesthetics. For men only, these were: access to public transport, access to recreational facilities, and unsafe environment and committing crimes during the day. The attribute ‘residential density zones’ was only significant for women. Conclusions: The study suggests that Libyan people are at risk of living in neighbourhoods with unsupportive environmental features of physical activity, which are likely to promote obesity of both genders. The findings of this study could inform Libyan health policies about interventions in the obesogenic environments that might slow the obesity epidemic and contain the public health crisis. This study suggests that further research is needed, within the Libyan context, to explore the impact of the neighbourhood environment attributes on contributing to increased obesity

Describing SmallSat Missions with MetaSat

Space mission metadata is not standardized and various mission outputs are typically disconnected. This situation makes it hard for different teams to share information, collaborate, or advise each other on best practices and lessons learned. The MetaSat team, made up of staff from both the Wolbach Library at the Center for Astrophysics (CfA) and the Libre Space Foundation (LSF), is addressing these issues by creating a metadata vocabulary and example JSON-LD schemas that can be used to describe small satellite missions. This work will help facilitate the ease of sharing information between missions and lower the barrier of entry into the field

Software Citation Implementation Challenges

The main output of the FORCE11 Software Citation working group (https://www.force11.org/group/software-citation-working-group) was a paper on software citation principles (https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.86) published in September 2016. This paper laid out a set of six high-level principles for software citation (importance, credit and attribution, unique identification, persistence, accessibility, and specificity) and discussed how they could be used to implement software citation in the scholarly community. In a series of talks and other activities, we have promoted software citation using these increasingly accepted principles. At the time the initial paper was published, we also provided guidance and examples on how to make software citable, though we now realize there are unresolved problems with that guidance. The purpose of this document is to provide an explanation of current issues impacting scholarly attribution of research software, organize updated implementation guidance, and identify where best practices and solutions are still needed

High stakes and low bars: How international recognition shapes the conduct of civil wars

When rebel groups engage incumbent governments in war for control of the state, questions of international recognition arise. International recognition determines which combatants can draw on state assets, receive overt military aid, and borrow as sovereigns—all of which can have profound consequences for the military balance during civil war. How do third-party states and international organizations determine whom to treat as a state's official government during civil war? Data from the sixty-one center-seeking wars initiated from 1945 to 2014 indicate that military victory is not a prerequisite for recognition. Instead, states generally rely on a simple test: control of the capital city. Seizing the capital does not foreshadow military victory. Civil wars often continue for many years after rebels take control and receive recognition. While geopolitical and economic motives outweigh the capital control test in a small number of important cases, combatants appear to anticipate that holding the capital will be sufficient for recognition. This expectation generates perverse incentives. In effect, the international community rewards combatants for capturing or holding, by any means necessary, an area with high concentrations of critical infrastructure and civilians. In the majority of cases where rebels contest the capital, more than half of its infrastructure is damaged or the majority of civilians are displaced (or both), likely fueling long-term state weakness

Clashing Traditions: German Foreign Policy in a New Era

A series of crises over the last decade have put pressure on Europe's fundamental ordering principles. In response, German policymakers have scrambled to reinterpret Germany's foreign policy for a new era. To understand this process, the authors utilize an interpretivist approach, analyzing the discourse of German foreign policymakers through the lens of four traditions of thought informing debates: regionalism, pacifism, realism, and hegemonism. The article suggests that despite serious challenges, prevailing patterns of belief centered round regionalism and pacifism, supported by a particular civilian understanding of hegemony, persist. Yet, Germany's allies are challenging this framework and calling for it to accept more responsibility for regional and global security. As a result, a realist tradition is reemerging in Germany's discourse. The taxonomy provided here allows a richer understanding of these debates as well as an appreciation of how policymakers mobilize ideas to resist or enable policy change

Poverty and relief among Negroes of St. Louis, Missouri as indicated by the work of the philanthropic agencies of the city

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of ArtsText from page 2: "This monograph is an attempt to present the poverty situation as found among negroes of St. Louis by the philanthropic agencies of the city; to give an idea of the work done by these agencies to relieve this poverty; and to point out a working plan for the more effective continuance of their labors in the future."Includes bibliographical references (pages I-II)

C.S. Lewis, Jesus, and Plato: rhetorical strategies for the defense of Christianity

Due to the character of the original source materials and the nature of batch digitization, quality control issues may be present in this document. Please report any quality issues you encounter to [email protected], referencing the URI of the item.Includes bibliographical references.Issued also on microfiche from Lange Micrographics.The defense of Christianity through apologetic discourse is an important function of modern day Christianity. To better understand the necessary strategies behind successful use of apologetic discourse, apologetic essays of C. S. Lewis in God in the Dock have been examined. Lewis represents an apologetic style that returns to a philosophy and mode of discourse first espoused by Plato, though his message is entirely Christian. This thesis will provide a doorway into the rhetorical world of C. S. Lewis as well as posit strategies which are key for the success of modern day apologetics. However, to best understand these strategies, a foundation must be laid. Chapter One discusses the theology and rhetoric of Plato, who influenced Lewis in important ways. Once this has been established, Chapter Two examines Lewis's life by looking at the way he came to be converted to Christianity. Reason as a rhetorical strategy is analyzed in Chapter Three through the lens of Platonic argument. In Chapter Four, the use of mythology in religious communication is examined first by looking at Lewis's own principles of myth and then applying them to representative myths found in his apologetic essays. Chapter Five looks at Lewis's ability to use a narrative ethos in his writing to make it appear more oral/aural. By manipulating sound and time Lewis is able to achieve a quasi-communicative relationship with his audience. This thesis concludes with Chapter Six by providing avenues for future study on Lewis in the field of rhetorical criticism