Nivel de posicionamiento de la identidad de la marca ciudad “Cochabamba, ciudad de todos”, en los jóvenes universitarios cochabambinos, 2017

La presente investigación estuvo centrada en determinar el nivel de posicionamiento de la identidad de la marca ciudad de Cochabamba en los jóvenes universitarios cochabambinos en el 2017 en el país de Bolivia. El estudio fue de tipo descriptivo-No experimental, ya que la información se midió o recogió de manera independiente. El diseño que presenta fue cuantitativo. Teniendo como variables: El Posicionamiento y La Marca Ciudad, analizadas desde la perspectiva de la Teoría de la Negociación Cultural para la Comunicación y el Desarrollo y la Teoría de los Estudios Críticos Culturales. El estudio tuvo una población conformada por 102,841 estudiantes matriculados en universidades privadas y estatales. La selección de la muestra se realizó teniendo en cuenta la formula aplicable a poblaciones finitas seleccionando a una población de 469 estudiantes. Para la recolección de datos se aplicó un instrumento: la encuesta, que permitió determinar el nivel de posicionamiento de la marca ciudad. La investigación está sistematizada en cuadro de resultados. Se concluyó la brindando recomendaciones a futuros y actuales comunicadores, pues somos nosotros los encargados de generar contenidos creativos para defender e incentivar orgullo por nuestra cultura

Nivel de posicionamiento de la identidad de la marca ciudad “Cochabamba, ciudad de todos”, en los jóvenes universitarios cochabambinos, 2017

La presente investigación estuvo centrada en determinar el nivel de posicionamiento de la identidad de la marca ciudad de Cochabamba en los jóvenes universitarios cochabambinos en el 2017 en el país de Bolivia. El estudio fue de tipo descriptivo-No experimental, ya que la información se midió o recogió de manera independiente. El diseño que presenta fue cuantitativo. Teniendo como variables: El Posicionamiento y La Marca Ciudad, analizadas desde la perspectiva de la Teoría de la Negociación Cultural para la Comunicación y el Desarrollo y la Teoría de los Estudios Críticos Culturales. El estudio tuvo una población conformada por 102,841 estudiantes matriculados en universidades privadas y estatales. La selección de la muestra se realizó teniendo en cuenta la formula aplicable a poblaciones finitas seleccionando a una población de 469 estudiantes. Para la recolección de datos se aplicó un instrumento: la encuesta, que permitió determinar el nivel de posicionamiento de la marca ciudad. La investigación está sistematizada en cuadro de resultados. Se concluyó la brindando recomendaciones a futuros y actuales comunicadores, pues somos nosotros los encargados de generar contenidos creativos para defender e incentivar orgullo por nuestra cultura

Relationship between the Sensory-Determined Astringency and the Flavanolic Composition of Red Wines

[EN] The relationship between the proanthocyanidin profile and the perceived astringency was assessed in 13 commercial Tempranillo red wines. The concentration and compositional information were obtained by liquid chromatography with diode array detection coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry after acid-catalyzed depolymerization of wine proanthocyanidins in the presence of excess phloroglucinol. Statistical analysis of the results showed significant correlations between sensory and chemical determinations. Astringency was more affected by the subunit composition than by the total concentration or the average degree of polymerization of wine proanthocyanidins. Higher proportions of epicatechin (EC) subunits in extension positions and gallocatechin (GC) subunits in terminal positions were shown to increase astringency. On the contrary, the amount of epigallocatechin (EGC) in both extension and terminal positions was negatively correlated with the perceived astringency

Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome

The sequence of the human genome encodes the genetic instructions for human physiology, as well as rich information about human evolution. In 2001, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium reported a draft sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome. Since then, the international collaboration has worked to convert this draft into a genome sequence with high accuracy and nearly complete coverage. Here, we report the result of this finishing process. The current genome sequence (Build 35) contains 2.85 billion nucleotides interrupted by only 341 gaps. It covers ∼99% of the euchromatic genome and is accurate to an error rate of ∼1 event per 100,000 bases. Many of the remaining euchromatic gaps are associated with segmental duplications and will require focused work with new methods. The near-complete sequence, the first for a vertebrate, greatly improves the precision of biological analyses of the human genome including studies of gene number, birth and death. Notably, the human enome seems to encode only 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. The genome sequence reported here should serve as a firm foundation for biomedical research in the decades ahead

Antibiotic prophylaxis for ventilator-associated pneumonia in pediatric patients with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury in a hospital in Lima, Peru

Introduction: This study evaluates the use of antibiotic prophylaxis for prevention and development of ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) in pediatric patients with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) in order to promote best practices and use the appropriate resources. Methods: A retrospective cohort study of all pediatric patients, between 1 and 18 years, who were admitted and had moderate or severe TBI diagnosis at the Pediatric Emergency Hospital, Lima-Peru. Results: One hundred and forty-five patients with diagnosis of traumatic brain injury (TBI), who received mechanical ventilation for at least 48 hours, were evaluated. We obtained an incidence density of 44.60/1000 ventilator days. No relationship was found between antibiotic prophylaxis and the development of VAP. Likewise, it was found that performing oral hygiene with chlorhexidine reduces the risk of developing VAP by 45% (p = 0.03, CI 0.33-0.95).In addition, the presence of purulent secretions (IC 2.23-11.45), solid (, IC 1.67-11.34) or dense ( IC 2.91-16.75) has a 3, 5 and 6 times higher risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia, respectively. Conclusions: Antibiotic prophylaxis did not show to have a positive effect on the prevention of ventilator associated pneumonia; However, other measures such as oral hygiene with chlorhexidine were associated with reducing the risk of developing VAP. The proportion of patients who received antibiotic prophylaxis was 81 (55.6%) and the incidence density of VAP found in the study is within the standards found in the available literature. Furthermore, the type of discharge was identified as a predictor of increased risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Even more studies focused on this population are required.Introducción: Se evaluará el uso de antibióticos profilácticos para prevenir el desarrollo de neumonía asociada a ventilador (NAV) en la población pediátrica admitida con diagnóstico de traumatismo encéfalo craneano (TEC) moderado a grave. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio cohorte retrospectivo de todos los pacientes pediátricos, entre 1 y 18 años, que fueron admitidos con diagnóstico TEC moderado o grave y estuvieron con ventilación mecánica más de 48 horas en el Hospital de Emergencias Pediátricas, Lima-Perú. Resultados: Ciento cuarenta y cinco pacientes con TEC y que recibieron ventilación mecánica fueron evaluados. Se encontró una densidad de incidencia de neumonía asociada a ventilador (NAV) de 44.60/1000 días de ventilador. No se encontró relación entre la profilaxis antibiótica y el desarrollo de NAV. Asimismo, se obtuvo que la realización de higiene oral con clorhexidina disminuye en 45% el riesgo de desarrollar NAV (IC 0.33-0.95). Además, la presencia de secreciones purulentas (IC 2.23-11.45), sólidas (IC 1.67-11.34) o densas (IC 2.91-16.75) tiene 3, 5 y 6 veces más riesgo de neumonía asociada a ventilador, respectivamente. Conclusiones: La profilaxis antibiótica no mostró tener un efecto positivo en la prevención de neumonía asociada a ventilador; sin embargo, otras medidas como la higiene oral con clorhexidina sí estuvieron asociadas disminuyendo el riesgo de desarrollar NAV. La proporción de pacientes que recibieron profilaxis antibiótica fue 81 (55.6%) y la densidad de incidencia de NAV encontrada en el estudio se encuentra dentro de los estándares encontrados en la literatura disponible. Además, el tipo de secreción se identificó como un factor predictor de mayor riesgo de neumonía asociada a ventilador. Se requieren aún más estudios enfocados en esta población.Tesi

Sustained activation of P2X7 induces MMP-2-evoked cleavage and functional purinoceptor inhibition.

From the 1School of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, LE1 5RR, UK, the 2Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, PO1 2DT, UK, 3Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteur Str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland, the 4PRIMACEN, Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy, Inserm, IBiSA and PISSARO Proteomic Platform, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University of Rouen; 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.P2X7 purinoceptor promotes survival or cytotoxicity depending on extracellular ATP (eATP) stimulus intensity controlling its ion channel or P2X7-dependent large pore (LP) functions. Mechanisms governing this operational divergence and functional idiosyncrasy are ill-understood. We have discovered a feedback loop where sustained activation of P2X7 triggers release of active MMP-2, which halts ion channel and LP responses via the MMP-2-dependent receptor cleavage. This mechanism operates in cells as diverse as macrophages, dystrophic myoblasts, P2X7-transfected HEK293 and human tumor cells. Given that serum-born MMP-2 activity also blocked receptor functions, P2X7 responses in vivo may decrease in organs with permeable capillaries. Therefore, this mechanism represents an important fine-tuning of P2X7 functions, reliant on both cell-autonomous and extraneous factors. Indeed, it allowed evasion from the ATP-induced cytotoxicity in macrophages and human cancer cells with high P2X7 expression levels. Finally, we demonstrate that P2X7 ablation eliminated gelatinase activity in inflamed dystrophic muscles in vivo. Thus, P2X7 antagonists could be used as an alternative to highly toxic MMP inhibitors in treatments of inflammatory diseases and cancers

Total absence of dystrophin expression exacerbates ectopic myofiber calcification, fibrosis, and alters macrophage infiltration patterns

The file attached to this record is the author's final peer reviewed version. The Publisher's final version can be found by following the DOI link.Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) causes severe disability and death of young men due to progressive muscle degeneration aggravated by sterile inflammation. DMD is also associated with cognitive and bone-function impairments. This complex phenotype results from the cumulative loss of a spectrum of dystrophin isoforms expressed from the largest human gene. Although there is evidence for the loss of shorter isoforms having impact in the central nervous system, their role in muscle is unclear. We found that at eight weeks, the active phase of pathology in dystrophic mice, dystrophin-null mice (mdxβgeo) presented with a mildly exacerbated phenotype but without an earlier onset, increased serum CK levels, or decreased muscle strength. However, at 12 months, mdxβgeo diaphragm strength was lower while fibrosis increased, compared to mdx. The most striking features of the dystrophin-null phenotype were increased ectopic myofiber calcification and altered macrophage infiltration patterns, particularly the close association of macrophages with calcified fibers. Ectopic calcification had the same temporal pattern of presentation and resolution in mdxβgeo and mdx muscles despite very significant intensity differences across muscle groups. Comparison of the rare dystrophin-null patients against those with mutations affecting full-length dystrophins may provide mechanistic insights for developing more effective treatments for DMD

Zidovudine ameliorates pathology in the mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy via P2RX7 purinoceptor antagonism

The file attached to this record is the author's final peer reviewed version.Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most common inherited muscle disorder that causes severe disability and death of young men. This disease is characterized by progressive muscle degeneration aggravated by sterile inflammation and is also associated with cognitive impairment and low bone den-sity. Given that no current treatment can improve the long-term outcome, approaches with a strong translational potential are urgently needed. DMD alters P2RX7 signaling in both muscle and inflamma-tory cells and inhibition of this receptor resulted in a significant attenuation of muscle and non-muscle symptoms in DMDmdx mouse model. As P2RX7 is an attractive target in a range of human diseases, specific antagonists have been developed. Yet, these will require lengthy safety testing in the pediatric population of DMD patients. In contrast, Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs) can act as P2RX7 antagonists and are drugs with an established safety record, including in children. We demonstrate here that AZT (Zidovudine) inhibits P2RX7 functions acting via the same allosteric site as other antagonists. Moreover, short-term AZT treatment at the peak of disease in DMDmdx mice attenu-ated the phenotype without any detectable side effects. Recovery was evident in the key parameters such as reduced sarcolemma permeability confirmed by lower serum creatine kinase levels and IgG influx into myofibres, decreased inflammatory cell numbers and inflammation markers in leg and heart muscles of treated mice. Moreover, this therapy had some positive impact on muscle strength in vivo and no detrimental effect on mitochondria, which is the main side-effect of NRTIs. Given these results, we postulate that AZT could be quickly re-purposed for the treatment of this highly debilitating and lethal disease. This approach is not constrained by causative DMD mutations and may be effective in alleviating both muscle and non-muscle abnormalities