Aplicación de un análisis de varianza a datos de áreas de líquenes costrosos en árboles

En la avenida del aeropuerto Gustavo Artunduaga Paredes de la ciudad de Florencia (Caquetá, Colombia) se evaluó el área (en cm2) de sustrato vivo (árboles) cubierta por líquenes (costrosos), mediante la aplicación del ANOVA bifactorial sin repeticiones modelo I. La selección de los sustratos se desarrolló al azar y la toma de los datos (áreas de líquenes costrosos) se hizo mediante la aplicación de un método no destructivo, teniendo en cuenta que estuvieran a diferentes distancias y alturas sobre el nivel del suelo. Se obtuvieron datos que cumplieron los cinco supuestos (aleatoriedad, normalidad, homogeneidad de varianzas, independencia y aditividad) para la aplicación del ANOVA. El análisis estadístico mostró que no hay diferencia estadísticamente significativa en el área (cm2) de sustrato cubierta por líquenes costrosos en relación con la altura (cm) sobre el suelo y la distancia (m) a la vía, posiblemente porque la ciudad no posee fuentes altamente contaminantes como zona industrial, basureros cercanos y congestión vehicular aledaños a la zona de estudio

Evaluación de la eficiencia de tres modelos de incubadora con diferentes flujos en el desarrollo larval de Osteoglossum bicirrhosum (arawana plateada)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of three incubator models with different flow for the larval development of Osteoglossum bicirrhosum (silver arowana) from stage two to stage five. Sixty larvae were distributed in groups of 20 for each model of incubator: MI1: circular flow; MI2: upflow; MI3: no flow). Body diameter (DC), yolk sac diameter (DSV), swimming acquisition (AN) and mortality during 30 days of incubation were determined. The final DC for MI1 was 33.77 mm compared to 33.16 mm for MI2 and 19.92 mm for MI3. The initial DSV in MI1 of 12.03 mm decreased to 11.64 mm in MI2 and increased to 12.11 mm in MI3. The AN occurred in all larvae of MI1 and MI2, but only in 10% of MI3. Likewise, mortality was 1, 10 and 20 larvae for MI1, MI2 and MI3, respectivelyEl objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la eficiencia de tres modelos de incubadora con diferente flujo para el desarrollo larval de Osteoglossum bicirrhosum (arawana plateada), desde el estadio dos al estadio cinco. Se trabajó con 60 larvas y se distribuyeron en grupos de 20 por cada modelo de incubadora: MI1: flujo circular; MI2: flujo ascendente; MI3: sin flujo. Se determinó el diámetro corporal (DC), diámetro del saco vitelino (DSV), adquisición natatoria (AN) y mortalidad durante 30 días de incubación. El DC final para MI1 fue de 33.77 mm comparado con 33.16 mm para MI2 y 19.92 mm para MI3. El DSV inicial de 12.02 mm en MI1 disminuyó en MI2 (11.64 mm) y aumentó a 12.11 mm en MI3. La adquisición natatoria se presentó en todas las larvas de MI1 y MI2, pero solo en el 10% de MI3. Asimismo, la mortalidad fue de 1, 10 y 20 larvas para MI1, MI2 y MI3, respectivamente

Diversidad de la ictiofauna de la quebrada La Batalla, municipio de Florencia, Caquetá, Colombia

Se determinó la diversidad de la ictiofauna en la quebrada La Batalla (Florencia-Caquetá), durante un periodo de diez días, estableciendo nueve puntos de muestreo de 50 m cada uno. La colecta se llevó a cabo utilizando artes de pesca combinados con arrastres continuos y capturas manuales en horas de la mañana, con esfuerzo de muestreo de cinco horas por cada punto. Se registraron variables de temperatura, pH, tipo de sustrato, ancho y profundidad del cauce. Se calculó la curva de acumulación de especies y se analizó la diversidad específica mediante los índices de diversidad de Shannon-Wiener, Margalef y equidad de Pielou. Con un total de 927 individuos, registrados en 6 órdenes, 13 familias, 20 géneros y 23 especies, donde el orden Characiformes fue el más diverso con diez especies con un 43.5 % del total de especies capturadas, seguido de los Siluriformes con 26.1 %, Gymnotiformes con 13 %, Perciformes con 8.7 % y por último Lepidosireniformes y Synbranchiformes con un 4.3 %.  A nivel de familia las más diversas fueron Characidae y Loricariide con 17.4 % del total de especies capturadas, y las especies más abundantes fueron Corydoras melini con 271 individuos y Hemigrammus pulcher con 173 individuos.  Los índices de diversidad permitieron establecer que la quebrada la Batalla presenta una biodiversidad baja, debido posibles  problemas de ganadería extensiva y a la pesca indiscriminada

Hematological parameters in Oreochromis niloticus cultivated in tropical conditions in experimental farm Santo Domingo of University of Amazonia, Florencia, Caquetá, Colombia.

The hematological parameters were evaluated in the Oreochromis niloticus species, weighing between 120 and 375 g, where chemical standards of water were included (T °, pH and OD), morphometry and haematological diagnosis, carried out at the Santo Domingo Experimental Farm from the University of the Amazonia, Florencia - Caquetá-Colombia. A directed and completely random sampling of 32 individuals was used, the blood was extracted by cardiac puncture and placed in Eppendorf tubes with EDTA. Blood smears were stained with Ema staining color for its laboratory analysis. The InfoStat was applied as a statistical method for the analysis of the variables to be measured. A total of leukocytes of 1.11 celx105 / mm3 was found, predominating neutrophils with 49.3% followed by lymphocytes with 38.8%, monocytes with 5.9%, eosinophils with 4.3%, basophils with 1.7 % and thrombocytes with 63.8% as an independent series. For the red series, an average of erythrocytes of 1.5 celx106 / mm3, hemoglobin of 7.9 g / dL; hematocrit of 23.3%, plasma proteins 3.3 g / dL, mean corpuscular volume 165 (u3), mean corpuscular hemoglobin 55 (uug) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration of 33.3%. In conclusion, it was determined that some individuals presented Leukopenia with Lymphopenia and thrombocytosis. In addition, two individuals presented Normochromic Microcytic Anemia (AMN) and 19 individuals presented Normochromic Normocitic Anemia (ANN). The analysis of Total Plasma Proteins (PPT) determined that the high mortality rate was not due to nutritional deficiency. There was a positive similarity between the VCM and HCM, and negatively with the total number of erythrocytes.The hematological parameters were evaluated in the Oreochromis niloticus species, weighing between 120 and 375 g, where chemical standards of water were included (T °, pH and OD), morphometry and haematological diagnosis, carried out at the Santo Domingo Experimental Farm from the University of the Amazonia, Florencia - Caquetá-Colombia. A directed and completely random sampling of 32 individuals was used, the blood was extracted by cardiac puncture and placed in Eppendorf tubes with EDTA. Blood smears were stained with Ema staining color for its laboratory analysis. The InfoStat was applied as a statistical method for the analysis of the variables to be measured. A total of leukocytes of 1.11 celx105 / mm3 was found, predominating neutrophils with 49.3% followed by lymphocytes with 38.8%, monocytes with 5.9%, eosinophils with 4.3%, basophils with 1.7 % and thrombocytes with 63.8% as an independent series. For the red series, an average of erythrocytes of 1.5 celx106 / mm3, hemoglobin of 7.9 g / dL; hematocrit of 23.3%, plasma proteins 3.3 g / dL, mean corpuscular volume 165 (u3), mean corpuscular hemoglobin 55 (uug) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration of 33.3%. In conclusion, it was determined that some individuals presented Leukopenia with Lymphopenia and thrombocytosis. In addition, two individuals presented Normochromic Microcytic Anemia (AMN) and 19 individuals presented Normochromic Normocitic Anemia (ANN). The analysis of Total Plasma Proteins (PPT) determined that the high mortality rate was not due to nutritional deficiency. There was a positive similarity between the VCM and HCM, and negatively with the total number of erythrocyte

Hematological parameters in Oreochromis niloticus cultivated in tropical conditions in experimental farm Santo Domingo of University of Amazonia, Florencia, Caquetá, Colombia.

The hematological parameters were evaluated in the Oreochromis niloticus species, weighing between 120 and 375 g, where chemical standards of water were included (T °, pH and OD), morphometry and haematological diagnosis, carried out at the Santo Domingo Experimental Farm from the University of the Amazonia, Florencia - Caquetá-Colombia. A directed and completely random sampling of 32 individuals was used, the blood was extracted by cardiac puncture and placed in Eppendorf tubes with EDTA. Blood smears were stained with Ema staining color for its laboratory analysis. The InfoStat was applied as a statistical method for the analysis of the variables to be measured. A total of leukocytes of 1.11 celx105 / mm3 was found, predominating neutrophils with 49.3% followed by lymphocytes with 38.8%, monocytes with 5.9%, eosinophils with 4.3%, basophils with 1.7 % and thrombocytes with 63.8% as an independent series. For the red series, an average of erythrocytes of 1.5 celx106 / mm3, hemoglobin of 7.9 g / dL; hematocrit of 23.3%, plasma proteins 3.3 g / dL, mean corpuscular volume 165 (u3), mean corpuscular hemoglobin 55 (uug) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration of 33.3%. In conclusion, it was determined that some individuals presented Leukopenia with Lymphopenia and thrombocytosis. In addition, two individuals presented Normochromic Microcytic Anemia (AMN) and 19 individuals presented Normochromic Normocitic Anemia (ANN). The analysis of Total Plasma Proteins (PPT) determined that the high mortality rate was not due to nutritional deficiency. There was a positive similarity between the VCM and HCM, and negatively with the total number of erythrocytes.The hematological parameters were evaluated in the Oreochromis niloticus species, weighing between 120 and 375 g, where chemical standards of water were included (T °, pH and OD), morphometry and haematological diagnosis, carried out at the Santo Domingo Experimental Farm from the University of the Amazonia, Florencia - Caquetá-Colombia. A directed and completely random sampling of 32 individuals was used, the blood was extracted by cardiac puncture and placed in Eppendorf tubes with EDTA. Blood smears were stained with Ema staining color for its laboratory analysis. The InfoStat was applied as a statistical method for the analysis of the variables to be measured. A total of leukocytes of 1.11 celx105 / mm3 was found, predominating neutrophils with 49.3% followed by lymphocytes with 38.8%, monocytes with 5.9%, eosinophils with 4.3%, basophils with 1.7 % and thrombocytes with 63.8% as an independent series. For the red series, an average of erythrocytes of 1.5 celx106 / mm3, hemoglobin of 7.9 g / dL; hematocrit of 23.3%, plasma proteins 3.3 g / dL, mean corpuscular volume 165 (u3), mean corpuscular hemoglobin 55 (uug) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration of 33.3%. In conclusion, it was determined that some individuals presented Leukopenia with Lymphopenia and thrombocytosis. In addition, two individuals presented Normochromic Microcytic Anemia (AMN) and 19 individuals presented Normochromic Normocitic Anemia (ANN). The analysis of Total Plasma Proteins (PPT) determined that the high mortality rate was not due to nutritional deficiency. There was a positive similarity between the VCM and HCM, and negatively with the total number of erythrocyte

Biodiversidad de la comunidad de macroinvertebrados acuáticos asociados al Río Fragua Chorroso y su papel como bioindicador de calidad de agua

During the months of October and December 2016, a study was carried out to identify the biodiversity of aquatic macroinvertebrates and their role as bioindicators of water quality in the municipality of San José del Fragua (Caquetá-Colombia). Three monitoring stations were established, with a total of 13 sampling points. Physical variables (temperature, conductivity) and chemical variables (pH, sdt,% od) were evaluated with a multiparameter (Hanna), biological simples were collected with surber networks (area sampled 0.36 m2, eye mesh 500 μm), screen networks (area sampled 1.6 m2, mesh eye 350 μm) and networks D (area sampled 0.9 m2, eye mesh 500 μm), finding 1357 individuals distributed in 13 orders and 36 families, being the order Trichoptera the most diverse with 9 families (Glossossomatidae, Leptoceridae, Hydropsychidae, Odontoceridae, Calamoceratidae, Helicopsychidae, Philopotamidae and Hydroptilidae). The biological quality of the water was determined by implementing the bmwp/Col index, which produced results of Good quality water (Class I). Concluding that the state of the water of the Fragua Chorroso river presents good quality, with excellent capacity for self-purification and apt to be preserved and used as a resource for the conservation of the flora and fauna of the area as well as supplying source for human consumption.Durante los meses de octubre y diciembre del año 2016, en el municipio de San José del Fragua (Caquetá-Colombia); se realizó un estudio sobre la identificación de la biodiversidad de macroinvertebrados acuáticos y su papel como bioindicadores de calidad del agua. Se establecieron 3 estaciones de monitoreo, con un total de 13 puntos de muestreo. Las variables físicas (temperatura, conductividad) y químicas (pH, STD, %OD) se evaluaron con un multiparámetros (Hanna), las muestras biológicas se recolectaron con redes surber (área muestreada 0,36 m2; ojo de malla 500 µm), redes de pantalla (área muestreada 1,6 m2; ojo de malla 350 µm) y redes D (área muestreada 0,9 m2; ojo de malla 500 µm), encontrándose 1357 individuos distribuidos en 13 órdenes y 36 familias, siendo el orden Trichoptera el más diverso con 9 familias (Glossossomatidae, Leptoceridae, Hydropsychidae, Odontoceridae, Calamoceratidae, Helicopsychidae, Philopotamidae e Hydroptilidae). La calidad biológica del agua se determinó implementando el índice BMWP/Col que arrojo resultados de aguas de buena calidad (Clase I). Concluyendo que el estado del agua del río Fragua Chorroso presenta buena calidad, con excelente capacidad de auto-depuración y apta para ser preservada y utilizada como un recurso para la conservación de la flora y fauna de la zona así como fuente abastecedora para el consumo human

Emergence of an Outbreak-Associated Clostridium difficile Variant with Increased Virulence

The prevalence of Clostridium difficile infections has increased due to the emergence of epidemic variants from diverse genetic lineages. Here we describe the emergence of a novel variant during an outbreak in a Costa Rican hospital that was associated with severe clinical presentations. This C. difficile variant elicited higher white blood cell counts and caused disease in younger patients than did other strains isolated during the outbreak. Furthermore, it had a recurrence rate, a 30-day attributable disease rate, and disease severity as great as those of the epidemic strain NAP1. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis genotyping indicated that the outbreak strains belong to a previously undescribed variant, designated NAPCR1. Whole-genome sequencing and ribotyping indicated that the NAPCR1 variant belongs to C. difficile ribotype 012 and sequence type 54, as does the reference strain 630. NAPCR1 strains are resistant to fluoroquinolones due to a mutation in gyrA, and they possess an 18-bp deletion in tcdC that is characteristic of the epidemic, evolutionarily distinct, C. difficile NAP1 variant. NAPCR1 genomes contain 10% more predicted genes than strain 630, most of which are of hypothetical function and are present on phages and other mobile genetic elements. The increased virulence of NAPCR1 was confirmed by mortality rates in the hamster model and strong inflammatory responses induced by bacteria-free supernatants in the murine ligated loop model. However, NAPCR1 strains do not synthesize toxin A and toxin B at levels comparable to those in NAP1 strains. Our results suggest that the pathogenic potential of this emerging C. difficile variant is due to the acquisition of hypothetical functions associated with laterally acquired DNA.Universidad de Costa Rica/[803-B1-654]/UCR/Costa RicaUniversidad de Costa Rica/[803-B1-602]/UCR/Costa RicaConsejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología/[FV-0004-13]/CONICIT/Costa Rica. Fondo gestionado a través de FORINVESPrograma de Cooperación Internacional/[130621650]/FA0/BrasilWellcome Trust/[098051}//Reino UnidoWellcome Trust/[086418]//Reino UnidoWellcome Trust/[098051]//Reino UnidoUCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias de la Salud::Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET)UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Salud::Facultad de Microbiologí

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

Optimasi Portofolio Resiko Menggunakan Model Markowitz MVO Dikaitkan dengan Keterbatasan Manusia dalam Memprediksi Masa Depan dalam Perspektif Al-Qur`an

Risk portfolio on modern finance has become increasingly technical, requiring the use of sophisticated mathematical tools in both research and practice. Since companies cannot insure themselves completely against risk, as human incompetence in predicting the future precisely that written in Al-Quran surah Luqman verse 34, they have to manage it to yield an optimal portfolio. The objective here is to minimize the variance among all portfolios, or alternatively, to maximize expected return among all portfolios that has at least a certain expected return. Furthermore, this study focuses on optimizing risk portfolio so called Markowitz MVO (Mean-Variance Optimization). Some theoretical frameworks for analysis are arithmetic mean, geometric mean, variance, covariance, linear programming, and quadratic programming. Moreover, finding a minimum variance portfolio produces a convex quadratic programming, that is minimizing the objective function ðð¥with constraintsð ð 𥠥 ðandð´ð¥ = ð. The outcome of this research is the solution of optimal risk portofolio in some investments that could be finished smoothly using MATLAB R2007b software together with its graphic analysis

Impacts of the Tropical Pacific/Indian Oceans on the Seasonal Cycle of the West African Monsoon

The current consensus is that drought has developed in the Sahel during the second half of the twentieth century as a result of remote effects of oceanic anomalies amplified by local land–atmosphere interactions. This paper focuses on the impacts of oceanic anomalies upon West African climate and specifically aims to identify those from SST anomalies in the Pacific/Indian Oceans during spring and summer seasons, when they were significant. Idealized sensitivity experiments are performed with four atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs). The prescribed SST patterns used in the AGCMs are based on the leading mode of covariability between SST anomalies over the Pacific/Indian Oceans and summer rainfall over West Africa. The results show that such oceanic anomalies in the Pacific/Indian Ocean lead to a northward shift of an anomalous dry belt from the Gulf of Guinea to the Sahel as the season advances. In the Sahel, the magnitude of rainfall anomalies is comparable to that obtained by other authors using SST anomalies confined to the proximity of the Atlantic Ocean. The mechanism connecting the Pacific/Indian SST anomalies with West African rainfall has a strong seasonal cycle. In spring (May and June), anomalous subsidence develops over both the Maritime Continent and the equatorial Atlantic in response to the enhanced equatorial heating. Precipitation increases over continental West Africa in association with stronger zonal convergence of moisture. In addition, precipitation decreases over the Gulf of Guinea. During the monsoon peak (July and August), the SST anomalies move westward over the equatorial Pacific and the two regions where subsidence occurred earlier in the seasons merge over West Africa. The monsoon weakens and rainfall decreases over the Sahel, especially in August.Peer reviewe