PLANTAS TÓXICAS PARA BOVINOS EM MINAS GERAIS

Toxic plants cause important economic damage to livestock in several regions of Brazil, even causing the death of animals. Little information is available about plant poisoning in cattle in the State of Minas Gerais. The systematic study of toxic species in regions with little research considerably increases the data on toxic plants of livestock interest. The objective of this study was to carry out a survey of toxic plants for cattle in rural properties in the municipality of São João Evangelista, Minas Gerais. Twenty rural properties in the municipality were visited at random. Three forms were applied to rural producers in the form of an interview. The information obtained through the forms were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. Soil samples were collected to analyze the chemical characteristics of the incident site of the toxic plant. The incidence of toxic plants for cattle affects 55% of rural properties and in 60% of properties there is a history of cases of intoxication in cattle. Six species of toxic plants affect the pastures of rural properties, being Pteridium aquilinum, Palicourea marcgravii, Lantana camara, Asclepias curassavica, Ricinus communis and Palicourea grandiflora. The species Pyrostegia venusta has been reported as a toxic plant for cattle. Palicourea marcgravii is associated with the highest number of cattle deaths in the municipality. Toxic plant species the capacity to establish themselves in conditions of soil acidity and low fertility, and in well-managed pastures with good fertility.As plantas tóxicas causam grandes prejuízos econômicos para a pecuária em diversas regiões do Brasil, provocando, até mesmo, a morte de animais. Poucas são as informações disponíveis sobre as intoxicações por plantas em bovinos, no estado de Minas Gerais. O estudo sistemático das espécies tóxicas, em regiões com poucas pesquisas, aumenta, consideravelmente, os dados sobre plantas tóxicas de interesse pecuário. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi realizar um levantamento das plantas tóxicas para bovinos nas propriedades rurais do município de São João Evangelista, Minas Gerais. Para isso, foram visitadas, aleatoriamente, 20 propriedades rurais do município e três formulários foram aplicados aos produtores rurais, sob a forma de entrevista, sendo que as informações obtidas, por meio dos formulários, foram analisadas quanti e qualitativamente. Também, foram coletadas amostras de solos para análise das características químicas do local incidente da planta tóxica. Com a análise, observou-se que a incidência de plantas tóxicas para bovinos atinge 55% das propriedades rurais e em 60% das propriedades há histórico de casos de intoxicação em bovinos. Seis espécies de plantas tóxicas incidem nas pastagens das propriedades rurais, a Pteridium aquilinum, a Palicourea marcgravii, a Lantana camara, a Asclepias curassavica, a Ricinus communis e a Palicourea grandiflora. A espécie Pyrostegia venusta foi relatada como planta tóxica para bovinos e a P. marcgravii associada à maior quantidade de mortes de bovinos no município. Observou-se também, que as espécies de plantas tóxicas possuem a capacidade de desenvolvimento em condições de acidez do solo e de baixa fertilidade e em pastagens bem manejadas com boa fertilidade

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Effect of different cooling rates and diluents in the conservation of goat sperm stored at 5°C

O experimento foi conduzido no Setor de Caprinocultura do Departamento de Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da curva de resfriamento em função do diluente utilizado na conservação do sêmen caprino armazenado a 5o C. Foram utilizados quatro reprodutores caprinos adultos das raças Parda Alpina e Saanen, sendo dois de cada raça. O sêmen foi coletado pelo método da vagina artificial. O ejaculado foi dividido em duas partes iguais, e cada uma das partes foi diluída com um dos respectivos diluentes. Foram utilizados os seguintes diluentes: um à base de leite desnatado e outro à base de gema-de-ovo (citrato-gema). Após o envase em palhetas francesas de 0,25 mL, as amostras foram submetidas a duas curvas de resfriamento, sendo uma com taxa de resfriamento de -0,033o C/minuto e a outra com -0,5 o C/minuto , até alcançar a temperatura de 5oC, e analisadas a cada 8 horas, durante um período de 48 horas. A eficiência na preservação celular teve influência direta das curvas de resfriamento, quando associadas aos diluentes utilizados. O diluente citrato- gema, quando utilizado em conjunto com as curvas lenta (CR 1) ou rápida (CR 2), foi o que melhor preservou as células espermáticas ao longo do tempo de armazenamento. O diluente leite desnatado obteve melhor taxa de preservação das células, quando associado à curva de resfriamento rápida (CR 2). A taxa de resfriamento de -0,5o C/minuto (CR 2) proporcionou melhor manutenção da viabilidade espermática, quando o sêmen foi armazenado a 5oC, durante 48 horas.The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different cooling rates and diluents in the conservation of goat sperm viability stored at 5o C during 48 hours. The semen of two Saanen and Alpine goats were collected by an artificial vagina and than assigned into four treatments. Treatment 1 (T1): Egg- yolk diluent (YOD) + Low cooling rate (LCR; -0.33°C / minute); T2: Egg-yolk diluent + high cooling rate (HCR; -0.05°C / minute); T3: Skimmilk Diluent (SMD) + LCR; T4, Skimmilk Diluent (SMD) + HCR. The semen was stored at 5o C and evaluated at each 8 hours until it complete 48 hours of conservation. There was effect of the two diluents and cooling rates on the conservation of the goat spermatozoa. The YOD had better conservation of the sperm integrity than the SMD. The SMD had a superior preservation when cooled in a high cooling hate. The higher cooling hate (-0.5o C/minuto) promotes a better conservation of the goat sperm viability at 5o C and during 48 hours after collected.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológic

Fertility of cooled or frozen goat semen in different concentrations of egg yolk in semen extender

Os experimentos foram realizados nas dependências do Laboratório de Reprodução de Caprinos do Setor de Caprinocultura do Departamento de Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Zona da Mata, no município de Viçosa-MG. Foram realizados três experimentos, sendo o primeiro relacionado ao resfriamento do sêmen e dois referentes ao congelamento do sêmen caprino. O primeiro experimento foi realizado durante a estação reprodutiva fisiológica dos caprinos no Brasil (março a junho). O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar, por meio de testes in vitro e in vivo, quais as concentrações de gemade- ovo (Tratamento 1 - T1 = 20% ou Tratamento 2 - T2 = 2,5%) preservam melhor o sêmen caprino armazenado a 5°C, por 24 horas, em diluente citratogema- de-ovo. Os valores médios obtidos para o sêmen fresco quanto a volume (mL), motilidade (%), vigor (1-5), concentração espermática (x109 totais), teste hiposmótico (%) e coloração supravital (%) foram de 0,7 ± 0,3, 87,9 ± 3,3, 3,9 ± 0,3, 1,3 ± 0,6, 72,7 ± 7,8 e 78,2 ± 9,3, respectivamente. Os valores médios referentes ao sêmen resfriado nos tratamentos foram, respectivamente, para T1 e T2 de: motilidade, 68,5 ± 15,4 e 78,0 ± 5,5; vigor, 2,5 ± 0,6 e 3,2 ± 0,3; supravital, 59,4 ± 17,2 e 71,1 ± 10,5 e hiposmótico, 42,2 ± 15,7 e 56,2± 11,5 (p 0,05). De acordo com os resultados obtidos, pode-se recomendar a utilização do diluidor citrato-gema- de-ovo com baixa concentração de gema (2,5%) no seu volume total. Os experimentos 2 e 3 foram realizados durante a estação reprodutiva induzida por suplementação de luz (novembro a dezembro de 2007) e estação fisiológica (março a junho de 2008). O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar, por meio de testes in vitro e fertilidade in vivo, quais as concentrações de gema-deovo (25 e 2,5%) presentes no diluente de Martin et al. (1979) preservam melhor o sêmen caprino congelado durante as diferentes épocas do ano. Os valores médios obtidos no Experimento 2 para o sêmen fresco, quanto ao volume, à motilidade, ao vigor, à concentração espermática, ao teste hiposmótico e à coloração supravital, foram de 1,3 ± 0,4; 87,5 ± 2,6 e 3,8 ± 0,3, respectivamente, e no Experimento 3, de 1, 2 ± 0,1; 90,0 ± 3,7 e 3,8 ± 0,4, respectivamente. Os valores médios referentes ao sêmen congelado para o Experimento 2 foram, respectivamente, para T1 e T2 de: motilidade, 58,7 ± 5,1% e 61,2 ± 5,1%; vigor, 2,7 ± 0,3 e 3,1 ± 0,2; supravital, 58,7 ± 7,5 e 61,7 ± 6,15. No Experimento 3 foram respectivamente para T1 e T2 de: motilidade, 54,3 ± 6,2% e 60,6 ± 4,1%; vigor, 2,6 ± 0,2 e 3,1 ± 0,2; supravital, 56,3 ± 8,1 e 57,7 ± 6,8. As taxas de fertilidade obtidas foram de 46,67% (T1) e 70,00% (T2) no Experimento 2 e no Experimento 3, de 50,00% (T1) e 76,00% (T2). De acordo com os resultados obtidos, pode-se recomendar a utilização do diluente glicose-EDTA com baixa concentração de gema (2,5%) no seu volume total.The experiments were conducted on Laboratory of Goat Reproduction in Goat Production Sector of Animal Science Department, Federal University of Viçosa, Zona da Mata, in Viçosa-MG. Three experiments were conducted; the first is related to cooling of semen and two others for freezing of goat semen. The first experiment was conducted during the physiological breeding season of goats in Brazil (March-June). The objective of this study was to evaluate, through in vitro and in vivo, what the concentrations of egg yolk (treatment 1 - T1 = 20% or Treatment 2 - T2 = 2.5%) preserve better the goat semen stored at 5 °C for 24 hours in citrate-egg yolk extender. The average values for freshsemen of volume (mL), motility (%), vigor (1-5), sperm concentration (x109 total), hypoosmotic swelling test (%) and supravital staining (%) were 0.7 ± 0.3, 87.9 ± 3.3, 3.9 ± 0.3, 1.3 ± 0.6, 72.7 ± 7.8 and 78.2 ± 9.3, respectively. The average values for cooled semen by the treatments were, respectively, for T1and T2: motility, 68.5 ± 15.4 and 78.0 ± 5.5, vigor, 2.5 ± 0.6 and 3 2 ± 0.3, supravital, 59.4 ± 17.2 and 71.1 ± 10.5 and hypoosmotic, 42.2 ± 15.7 and 56.2 ± 11.5 (p <0.05). Fertility rates obtained were 31.2% (T1) and 66.6% (T2) (p <0.05) and prolificacy was 1.3 ± 0.5 (T1) and 1.4 ± 0, 5 (T2) (p <0.05). According to the results, we can recommend the use of this extender with a low concentration of egg yolk (2.5%) in total volume. Experiments 2 and 3 were performed during the breeding season induced by supplementary light (November-December 2007) and physiological season (March to June 2008). The objective of this study was to evaluate, through tests in vitro and fertility in vivo, what is the concentrations of egg yolkof egg (25 and 2.5%) present in the extender (Martin et al.1979) can better preserve frozen goat semen during the different seasons. The average values obtained in Experiment 2 for fresh semen, as the volume, motility, vigor, sperm concentration, hypoosmotic swelling test and supravital staining, were 1.3 ± 0.4, 87.5 ± 2, 6 and 3.8 ± 0.3,respectively, and in Experiment 3, 1, 2 ± 0.1, 90.0 ± 3.7 and 3.8 ± 0.4, respectively. The average values for frozen semen of Experiment 2 were, respectively, for T1 and T2: motility, 58.7 ± 5.1% and 61.2 ± 5.1%; vigor, 2.7 ± 0.3 and 3.1 ± 0.2; supravital, 58.7 ± 7.5 and 61.7 ± 6.15. In Experiment 3 were respectively for T1 and T2: motility, 54.3 ± 6.2% and 60.6 ± 4.1%; vigor, 2.6 ± 0.2 and 3.1 ± 0.2; supravital , 56.3 ± 8.1 and 57.7 ± 6.8. Fertility rates obtained were 46.67% (T1) and 70.00% (T2) in Experiment 2. In Experiment 3 the fertility rates were 50.00% (T1) and 76.00% (T2). According to the results obtained, we can recommend the use of glucose-EDTA extender with low concentration of egg yolk (2.5%) in total volume.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológic

CARACTERÍSTICAS IN VITRO E FERTILIDADE DO SÊMEN CAPRINO ARMAZENADO A 5°C POR 24 HORAS UTILIZANDO DUAS CONCENTRAÇÕES DE GEMA DE OVO NO DILUENTE

The objective of this study was to evaluate by in vitro tests and in vivo fertility, two concentrations of egg yolk (T1 = 20% or T2 = 2.5%) in egg yolk-citrate semen extender for storing goat semen at 5°C for 24 hours. Ninety semen collections were performed in four goats. The semen was split and diluted in two different semen extenders and stored in refrigerator at 5°C for 24 hours, until the semen evaluation and insemination procedures. The average values for cooled semen, respectively, for T1 and T2 were motility, 68.5 ± 15.4 and 78.0 ± 5.5 (p < 0.05); vigor, 2.5 ± 0.6 and 3.2 ± 0.3 (p < 0.05), supravital test, 59.4 ± 17.2 and 71.1 ± 10.5 (p < 0.05) and hypoosmotic test, 42.2 ± 15.7 and 56.2 ± 11.5 (p < 0.05). The fertility rate was greater (p < 0.05) in T1 (31.3%) than in T2 (66.7%) and the prolificacy did not differ (p < 0.05) between T1 (1.3 ± 0.5) and T2 (1.4 ± 0.5). In conclusion, the egg yolk-citrate extender with a low concentration (2.5%) of egg yolk was more effective in preserving the viability and fertility of goat semen stored at 5°C for 24 hours

ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS: a data set of bird morphological traits from the Atlantic forests of South America

Scientists have long been trying to understand why the Neotropical region holds the highest diversity of birds on Earth. Recently, there has been increased interest in morphological variation between and within species, and in how climate, topography, and anthropogenic pressures may explain and affect phenotypic variation. Because morphological data are not always available for many species at the local or regional scale, we are limited in our understanding of intra- and interspecies spatial morphological variation. Here, we present the ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS, a data set that includes measurements of up to 44 morphological traits in 67,197 bird records from 2,790 populations distributed throughout the Atlantic forests of South America. This data set comprises information, compiled over two centuries (1820–2018), for 711 bird species, which represent 80% of all known bird diversity in the Atlantic Forest. Among the most commonly reported traits are sex (n = 65,717), age (n = 63,852), body mass (n = 58,768), flight molt presence (n = 44,941), molt presence (n = 44,847), body molt presence (n = 44,606), tail length (n = 43,005), reproductive stage (n = 42,588), bill length (n = 37,409), body length (n = 28,394), right wing length (n = 21,950), tarsus length (n = 20,342), and wing length (n = 18,071). The most frequently recorded species are Chiroxiphia caudata (n = 1,837), Turdus albicollis (n = 1,658), Trichothraupis melanops (n = 1,468), Turdus leucomelas (n = 1,436), and Basileuterus culicivorus (n = 1,384). The species recorded in the greatest number of sampling localities are Basileuterus culicivorus (n = 243), Trichothraupis melanops (n = 242), Chiroxiphia caudata (n = 210), Platyrinchus mystaceus (n = 208), and Turdus rufiventris (n = 191). ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS (ABT) is the most comprehensive data set on measurements of bird morphological traits found in a biodiversity hotspot; it provides data for basic and applied research at multiple scales, from individual to community, and from the local to the macroecological perspectives. No copyright or proprietary restrictions are associated with the use of this data set. Please cite this data paper when the data are used in publications or teaching and educational activities. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ

ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS

Scientists have long been trying to understand why the Neotropical region holds the highest diversity of birds on Earth. Recently, there has been increased interest in morphological variation between and within species, and in how climate, topography, and anthropogenic pressures may explain and affect phenotypic variation. Because morphological data are not always available for many species at the local or regional scale, we are limited in our understanding of intra- and interspecies spatial morphological variation. Here, we present the ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS, a data set that includes measurements of up to 44 morphological traits in 67,197 bird records from 2,790 populations distributed throughout the Atlantic forests of South America. This data set comprises information, compiled over two centuries (1820–2018), for 711 bird species, which represent 80% of all known bird diversity in the Atlantic Forest. Among the most commonly reported traits are sex (n = 65,717), age (n = 63,852), body mass (n = 58,768), flight molt presence (n = 44,941), molt presence (n = 44,847), body molt presence (n = 44,606), tail length (n = 43,005), reproductive stage (n = 42,588), bill length (n = 37,409), body length (n = 28,394), right wing length (n = 21,950), tarsus length (n = 20,342), and wing length (n = 18,071). The most frequently recorded species are Chiroxiphia caudata (n = 1,837), Turdus albicollis (n = 1,658), Trichothraupis melanops (n = 1,468), Turdus leucomelas (n = 1,436), and Basileuterus culicivorus (n = 1,384). The species recorded in the greatest number of sampling localities are Basileuterus culicivorus (n = 243), Trichothraupis melanops (n = 242), Chiroxiphia caudata (n = 210), Platyrinchus mystaceus (n = 208), and Turdus rufiventris (n = 191). ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS (ABT) is the most comprehensive data set on measurements of bird morphological traits found in a biodiversity hotspot; it provides data for basic and applied research at multiple scales, from individual to community, and from the local to the macroecological perspectives. No copyright or proprietary restrictions are associated with the use of this data set. Please cite this data paper when the data are used in publications or teaching and educational activities. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ