342 research outputs found
Minimal inference from incomplete 2x2-tables
Estimates based on 2x2 tables of frequencies are widely used in statistical
applications. However, in many cases these tables are incomplete in the sense
that the data required to compute the frequencies for a subset of the cells
defining the table are unavailable. Minimal inference addresses those
situations where this incompleteness leads to target parameters for these
tables that are interval, rather than point, identifiable. In particular, we
develop the concept of corroboration as a measure of the statistical evidence
in the observed data that is not based on likelihoods. The corroboration
function identifies the parameter values that are the hardest to refute, i.e.,
those values which, under repeated sampling, remain interval identified. This
enables us to develop a general approach to inference from incomplete 2x2
tables when the additional assumptions required to support a likelihood-based
approach cannot be sustained based on the data available. This minimal
inference approach then provides a foundation for further analysis that aims at
making sharper inference supported by plausible external beliefs
Adaptive Calibration for Prediction of Finite Population Totals
Sample weights can be calibrated to reflect the known population totals of a set of auxiliary variables. Predictors of finite population totals calculated using these weights have low bias if these variables are related to the variable of interest, but can have high variance if too many auxiliary variables are used. This article develops an adaptive calibration approach, where the auxiliary variables to be used in weighting are selected using sample data. Adaptively calibrated estimators are shown to have lower mean squared error and better coverage properties than non-adaptive estimators in many cases
An analysis of the transit times of CoRoT-1b
I report the results from a study of the transit times for CoRoT-1b, which
was one of the first planets discovered by CoRoT. Analysis of the pipeline
reduced CoRoT light curve yields a new determination of the physical and
orbital parameters of planet and star, along with 35 individual transit times
at a typical precision of 36 s. I estimate a planet-to-star radii ratio of
0.1433 +/- 0.0010, a ratio of the planet's orbital semimajor axis to the host
star radius of 4.751 +/- 0.045, and an orbital inclination for the planet of
83.88 +/- 0.29 deg. The observed transit times are consistent with CoRoT-1b
having a constant period and there is no evidence of an additional planet in
the system. I use the observed constancy of the transit times to set limits on
the mass of a hypothetical additional planet in a nearby, stable orbit. I
ascertain that the most stringent limits (4 M_earth at 3 sigma confidence) can
be placed on planets residing in a 1:2 mean motion resonance with the
transiting planet. In contrast, the data yield less stringent limits on planets
near a 1:3 mean motion resonance (5 M_jup at 3 sigma confidence) than in the
surrounding parameter space. In addition, I use a simulation to investigate
what sensitivity to additional planets could be obtained from the analysis of
data measured for a similar system during a CoRoT long run (100 sequential
transit times). I find that for such a scenario, planets with masses greater
than twice that of Mars (0.2 M_earth) in the 1:2 mean motion resonance would
cause high-significance transit time deviations. Therefore, such planets could
be detected or ruled out using CoRoT long run data. I conclude that CoRoT data
will indeed be very useful for searching for planets with the transit timing
method.Comment: accepted for publication in A&A; v2 replaces with accepted versio
Bone Is Not Essential for Osteoclast Activation
Background: The mechanism whereby bone activates resorptive behavior in osteoclasts, the cells that resorb bone, is
unknown. It is known that avb3 ligands are important, because blockade of avb3 receptor signaling inhibits bone resorption, but this might be through inhibition of adhesion or migration rather than resorption itself. Nor is it known whether avb3 ligands are sufficient for resorption the consensus is that bone mineral is essential for the recognition of bone as the substrate appropriate for resorption.
Methodology/Principal Findings: Vitronectin- but not fibronectin-coated coverslips induced murine osteoclasts to secrete tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, as they do on bone. Osteoclasts incubated on vitronectin, unlike fibronectin, formed podosome belts on glass coverslips, and these were modulated by resorption-regulating cytokines. Podosome belts formed on vitronectin-coated surfaces whether the substrates were rough or smooth, rigid or flexible. We developed a novel approach whereby the substrate-apposed surface of cells can be visualized in the scanning electron microscope. With this approach, supported by transmission electron microscopy, we found that osteoclasts on vitronectin-coated surfaces show ruffled borders and clear zones characteristic of resorbing osteoclasts. Ruffles were obscured by a film if cells were
incubated in the cathepsin inhibitor E64, suggesting that removal of the film represents substrate-degrading behavior.
Analogously, osteoclasts formed resorption-like trails on vitronectin-coated substrates. Like bone resorption, these trails were dependent upon resorbogenic cytokines and were inhibited by E64. Bone mineral induced actin rings and surface excavation only if first coated with vitronectin. Fibronectin could not substitute in any of these activities, despite enabling adhesion and cell spreading.
Conclusions/Significance: Our results show that ligands avb3 are not only necessary but sufficient for the induction of resorptive behavior in osteoclasts; and suggest that bone is recognized through its affinity for these ligands, rather than by its mechanical or topographical attributes, or through a putative âmineral receptorâ
The Gaia-ESO Survey::chemical signatures of rocky accretion in a young solar-type star
It is well known that newly formed planetary systems undergo processes of
orbital reconfiguration and planetary migration. As a result, planets or
protoplanetary objects may accrete onto the central star, being fused and mixed
into its external layers. If the accreted mass is sufficiently high and the
star has a sufficiently thin convective envelope, such events may result in a
modification of the chemical composition of the stellar photosphere in an
observable way, enhancing it with elements that were abundant in the accreted
mass. The recent Gaia-ESO Survey observations of the 10-20 Myr old Gamma
Velorum cluster have enabled identifying a star that is significantly enriched
in iron with respect to other cluster members. In this Letter we further
investigate the abundance pattern of this star, showing that its abundance
anomaly is not limited to iron, but is also present in the refractory elements,
whose overabundances are correlated with the condensation temperature. This
finding strongly supports the hypothesis of a recent accretion of rocky
material.Comment: Accepted for publicatio
Genetic parameters for growth, wood density and pulp yield in Eucalyptus globulus
Genetic variation and co-variation among the key
pulpwood selection traits for Eucalyptus globulus were
estimated for a range of sites in Portugal, with the aim of
improving genetic parameters used to predict breeding
values and correlated response to selection. The trials
comprised clonally replicated full-sib families (eight trials)
and unrelated clones (17 trials), and exhibited varying
levels of pedigree connectivity. The traits studied were stem
diameter at breast height, Pilodyn penetration (an indirect
measure of wood basic density) and near infrared reflectance
predicted pulp yield. Univariate and multivariate
linear mixed models were fitted within and across sites, and estimates of additive genetic, total genetic, environmental
and phenotypic variances and covariances were obtained.
All traits studied exhibited significant levels of additive
genetic variation. The average estimated within-site narrowsense
heritability was 0.19±0.03 for diameter and 0.29±
0.03 for Pilodyn penetration, and the pooled estimate for
predicted pulp yield was 0.42±0.14. When they could be
tested, dominance and epistatic effects were generally not
statistically significant, although broad-sense heritability
estimates were slightly higher than narrow-sense heritability
estimates. Averaged across trials, positive additive
(0.64±0.08), total genetic (0.58±0.04), environmental
(0.38±0.03) and phenotypic (0.43±0.02) correlation estimates
were consistently obtained between diameter and
Pilodyn penetration. This data argues for at least some form
of pleiotropic relationship between these two traits and that
selection for fast growth will adversely affect wood density
in this population. Estimates of the across-site genetic
correlations for diameter and Pilodyn penetration were
high, indicating that the genotype by environment interaction
is low across the range of sites tested. This result
supports the use of single aggregated selection criteria for
growth and wood density across planting environments in
Portugal, as opposed to having to select for performance in
different environment
Planet Populations as a Function of Stellar Properties
Exoplanets around different types of stars provide a window into the diverse
environments in which planets form. This chapter describes the observed
relations between exoplanet populations and stellar properties and how they
connect to planet formation in protoplanetary disks. Giant planets occur more
frequently around more metal-rich and more massive stars. These findings
support the core accretion theory of planet formation, in which the cores of
giant planets form more rapidly in more metal-rich and more massive
protoplanetary disks. Smaller planets, those with sizes roughly between Earth
and Neptune, exhibit different scaling relations with stellar properties. These
planets are found around stars with a wide range of metallicities and occur
more frequently around lower mass stars. This indicates that planet formation
takes place in a wide range of environments, yet it is not clear why planets
form more efficiently around low mass stars. Going forward, exoplanet surveys
targeting M dwarfs will characterize the exoplanet population around the lowest
mass stars. In combination with ongoing stellar characterization, this will
help us understand the formation of planets in a large range of environments.Comment: Accepted for Publication in the Handbook of Exoplanet
Evidence for carbon sequestration by agricultural liming
Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/95356/1/gbc1382.pd
Habitable Zones in the Universe
Habitability varies dramatically with location and time in the universe. This
was recognized centuries ago, but it was only in the last few decades that
astronomers began to systematize the study of habitability. The introduction of
the concept of the habitable zone was key to progress in this area. The
habitable zone concept was first applied to the space around a star, now called
the Circumstellar Habitable Zone. Recently, other, vastly broader, habitable
zones have been proposed. We review the historical development of the concept
of habitable zones and the present state of the research. We also suggest ways
to make progress on each of the habitable zones and to unify them into a single
concept encompassing the entire universe.Comment: 71 pages, 3 figures, 1 table; to be published in Origins of Life and
Evolution of Biospheres; table slightly revise
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