Genre et discours métaphoriques sur la traduction

En 1988, dans « Gender and the Metaphorics of Translation », Chamberlain revient sur la figure de la traduction à travers plusieurs siècles de métaphores en traductologie. À partir de l’étude de textes et recueils allant de 1958 à 1985, comme ceux de Serge Steiner ou Serge Gavronsky – et de ceux qui les ont inspirés depuis 1684, comme Earl of Roscommon ou William Cowper — elle s’appuie sur Jacques Derrida, Terry Eagleton, Joseph Graham, Carole Maier, Suzanne Jill Levine ou Susan Gubar, en approfondissant leur approche, pour analyser à la fois le statut subalterne donné par les grands traductologues à la traduction face à l’écriture, mais aussi le rapport sexualisé, soumis ou dominateur, que celle-ci est sensée entretenir avec le texte original. Cette analyse rédigée en plein essor de la traductologie féministe outre-Atlantique remet en cause une conception masculine et sexiste de la traduction et de la créativité décrites en termes de domination, de pouvoir, de sexe et de violence. En faisant tomber le masque séducteur de la beauté stylistique des textes de traductologues comme Steiner ou Gavronsky, elle nous rappelle que toute vision sexiste et hiérarchisée de la créativité (création vs re-création) n’est pas simplement problématique d’un point de vue symbolique, mais qu’elle sous-tend une lutte pour la paternité des textes qui a des répercussions matérielles en terme termes de reconnaissance académique et salariale, ou de droits d’auteur. Avec comme agenda de libérer la traductologie et les traductrices du joug des préjugés limitants de la binarité et de la hiérarchie des sexes (hommes/femmes) et des œuvres (texte original/texte dérivé) et de la création (calque/belle infidèle), Lori Chamberlain remet également en cause une vision finalement primitive des rapports anthropologiques qui seraient basés, comme l’a été la colonisation, sur la convoitise, la cupidité, la concupiscence et la violence, et qui sont véhiculés depuis longtemps dans les métaphores de la traduction construites autour de « l’échange de mots, de femmes, de biens » (Levi-Strauss). Elle va plus loin en proposant dans ce texte un véritable programme qui permet à la traductologie féministe de sortir des seuls champs de la littérature ou de la philosophie pour dialoguer avec d’autres disciplines comme l’histoire ou la sociologie.In 1988, in « Gender and the Metaphorics of Translation », Chamberlain revisits the figure of translation through several centuries of metaphors in translation studies. Based on the study of texts and anthologies from 1958 to 1985, particularly major texts such as those by Serge Steiner and Serge Gavronsky (and by those who inspired them from 1684 like Roscommon, Franklin or Cowper), she draws on Jacques Derrida, Terry Eagleton, Joseph Graham, Carole Maier, Suzanne Jill Levine or Susan Gubar, by deepening their approach, to analyze both the subordinate status given to translation by great translation scholars in the face of writing, but also the sexualized and submissive relationship it is supposed to have with the original text. This analysis, written during the emergence of feminist translation studies across the Atlantic, challenges a masculine and sexist conception of translation and creativity written about in terms of domination, power, gender and violence. By removing the seductive mask of stylistic beauty from the texts by translation scholars such as Steiner or Gavronsky, she reminds us that any sexist and hierarchical vision of creativity (creation vs. re-creation) is not simply problematic from a symbolic point of view, but that it underlies a struggle for authorship of texts that has material repercussions in terms of academic and salary recognition, or copyrights. With the agenda of freeing translation studies, the female translator and all creative acts from the yoke of limiting prejudices such as the binarity and hierarchy of the sexes (men/women) of works (original text/derived text) and of creation (calque/belles infidèles), Lori Chamberlain also questions an ultimately primitive, vision of anthropological relationships that are supposed to be based, as colonization was, on lust, greed, lust and violence, and that have long been conveyed in the metaphors of translation built around "the exchange of words, women and goods" (Lévi-Strauss). She goes further by proposing a real program for feminist translation studies that enable a dialogue with disciplines other than literature or philosophy: such as history or sociology

Rosetta-Alice Observations of Exospheric Hydrogen and Oxygen on Mars

The European Space Agency's Rosetta spacecraft, en route to a 2014 encounter with comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, made a gravity assist swing-by of Mars on 25 February 2007, closest approach being at 01:54UT. The Alice instrument on board Rosetta, a lightweight far-ultraviolet imaging spectrograph optimized for in situ cometary spectroscopy in the 750-2000 A spectral band, was used to study the daytime Mars upper atmosphere including emissions from exospheric hydrogen and oxygen. Offset pointing, obtained five hours before closest approach, enabled us to detect and map the HI Lyman-alpha and Lyman-beta emissions from exospheric hydrogen out beyond 30,000 km from the planet's center. These data are fit with a Chamberlain exospheric model from which we derive the hydrogen density at the 200 km exobase and the H escape flux. The results are comparable to those found from the the Ultraviolet Spectrometer experiment on the Mariner 6 and 7 fly-bys of Mars in 1969. Atomic oxygen emission at 1304 A is detected at altitudes of 400 to 1000 km above the limb during limb scans shortly after closest approach. However, the derived oxygen scale height is not consistent with recent models of oxygen escape based on the production of suprathermal oxygen atoms by the dissociative recombination of O2+.Comment: 17 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in Icaru

Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to <90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], >300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of <15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P<0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P<0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years

Proceedings of the 3rd Biennial Conference of the Society for Implementation Research Collaboration (SIRC) 2015: advancing efficient methodologies through community partnerships and team science

It is well documented that the majority of adults, children and families in need of evidence-based behavioral health interventionsi do not receive them [1, 2] and that few robust empirically supported methods for implementing evidence-based practices (EBPs) exist. The Society for Implementation Research Collaboration (SIRC) represents a burgeoning effort to advance the innovation and rigor of implementation research and is uniquely focused on bringing together researchers and stakeholders committed to evaluating the implementation of complex evidence-based behavioral health interventions. Through its diverse activities and membership, SIRC aims to foster the promise of implementation research to better serve the behavioral health needs of the population by identifying rigorous, relevant, and efficient strategies that successfully transfer scientific evidence to clinical knowledge for use in real world settings [3]. SIRC began as a National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)-funded conference series in 2010 (previously titled the “Seattle Implementation Research Conference”; $150,000 USD for 3 conferences in 2011, 2013, and 2015) with the recognition that there were multiple researchers and stakeholdersi working in parallel on innovative implementation science projects in behavioral health, but that formal channels for communicating and collaborating with one another were relatively unavailable. There was a significant need for a forum within which implementation researchers and stakeholders could learn from one another, refine approaches to science and practice, and develop an implementation research agenda using common measures, methods, and research principles to improve both the frequency and quality with which behavioral health treatment implementation is evaluated. SIRC’s membership growth is a testament to this identified need with more than 1000 members from 2011 to the present.ii SIRC’s primary objectives are to: (1) foster communication and collaboration across diverse groups, including implementation researchers, intermediariesi, as well as community stakeholders (SIRC uses the term “EBP champions” for these groups) – and to do so across multiple career levels (e.g., students, early career faculty, established investigators); and (2) enhance and disseminate rigorous measures and methodologies for implementing EBPs and evaluating EBP implementation efforts. These objectives are well aligned with Glasgow and colleagues’ [4] five core tenets deemed critical for advancing implementation science: collaboration, efficiency and speed, rigor and relevance, improved capacity, and cumulative knowledge. SIRC advances these objectives and tenets through in-person conferences, which bring together multidisciplinary implementation researchers and those implementing evidence-based behavioral health interventions in the community to share their work and create professional connections and collaborations

Adding 6 months of androgen deprivation therapy to postoperative radiotherapy for prostate cancer: a comparison of short-course versus no androgen deprivation therapy in the RADICALS-HD randomised controlled trial

Background Previous evidence indicates that adjuvant, short-course androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) improves metastasis-free survival when given with primary radiotherapy for intermediate-risk and high-risk localised prostate cancer. However, the value of ADT with postoperative radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy is unclear. Methods RADICALS-HD was an international randomised controlled trial to test the efficacy of ADT used in combination with postoperative radiotherapy for prostate cancer. Key eligibility criteria were indication for radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer, prostate-specific antigen less than 5 ng/mL, absence of metastatic disease, and written consent. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to radiotherapy alone (no ADT) or radiotherapy with 6 months of ADT (short-course ADT), using monthly subcutaneous gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue injections, daily oral bicalutamide monotherapy 150 mg, or monthly subcutaneous degarelix. Randomisation was done centrally through minimisation with a random element, stratified by Gleason score, positive margins, radiotherapy timing, planned radiotherapy schedule, and planned type of ADT, in a computerised system. The allocated treatment was not masked. The primary outcome measure was metastasis-free survival, defined as distant metastasis arising from prostate cancer or death from any cause. Standard survival analysis methods were used, accounting for randomisation stratification factors. The trial had 80% power with two-sided α of 5% to detect an absolute increase in 10-year metastasis-free survival from 80% to 86% (hazard ratio [HR] 0·67). Analyses followed the intention-to-treat principle. The trial is registered with the ISRCTN registry, ISRCTN40814031, and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00541047. Findings Between Nov 22, 2007, and June 29, 2015, 1480 patients (median age 66 years [IQR 61–69]) were randomly assigned to receive no ADT (n=737) or short-course ADT (n=743) in addition to postoperative radiotherapy at 121 centres in Canada, Denmark, Ireland, and the UK. With a median follow-up of 9·0 years (IQR 7·1–10·1), metastasis-free survival events were reported for 268 participants (142 in the no ADT group and 126 in the short-course ADT group; HR 0·886 [95% CI 0·688–1·140], p=0·35). 10-year metastasis-free survival was 79·2% (95% CI 75·4–82·5) in the no ADT group and 80·4% (76·6–83·6) in the short-course ADT group. Toxicity of grade 3 or higher was reported for 121 (17%) of 737 participants in the no ADT group and 100 (14%) of 743 in the short-course ADT group (p=0·15), with no treatment-related deaths. Interpretation Metastatic disease is uncommon following postoperative bed radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy. Adding 6 months of ADT to this radiotherapy did not improve metastasis-free survival compared with no ADT. These findings do not support the use of short-course ADT with postoperative radiotherapy in this patient population

Duration of androgen deprivation therapy with postoperative radiotherapy for prostate cancer: a comparison of long-course versus short-course androgen deprivation therapy in the RADICALS-HD randomised trial

Background Previous evidence supports androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) with primary radiotherapy as initial treatment for intermediate-risk and high-risk localised prostate cancer. However, the use and optimal duration of ADT with postoperative radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy remains uncertain. Methods RADICALS-HD was a randomised controlled trial of ADT duration within the RADICALS protocol. Here, we report on the comparison of short-course versus long-course ADT. Key eligibility criteria were indication for radiotherapy after previous radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer, prostate-specific antigen less than 5 ng/mL, absence of metastatic disease, and written consent. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to add 6 months of ADT (short-course ADT) or 24 months of ADT (long-course ADT) to radiotherapy, using subcutaneous gonadotrophin-releasing hormone analogue (monthly in the short-course ADT group and 3-monthly in the long-course ADT group), daily oral bicalutamide monotherapy 150 mg, or monthly subcutaneous degarelix. Randomisation was done centrally through minimisation with a random element, stratified by Gleason score, positive margins, radiotherapy timing, planned radiotherapy schedule, and planned type of ADT, in a computerised system. The allocated treatment was not masked. The primary outcome measure was metastasis-free survival, defined as metastasis arising from prostate cancer or death from any cause. The comparison had more than 80% power with two-sided α of 5% to detect an absolute increase in 10-year metastasis-free survival from 75% to 81% (hazard ratio [HR] 0·72). Standard time-to-event analyses were used. Analyses followed intention-to-treat principle. The trial is registered with the ISRCTN registry, ISRCTN40814031, and ClinicalTrials.gov , NCT00541047 . Findings Between Jan 30, 2008, and July 7, 2015, 1523 patients (median age 65 years, IQR 60–69) were randomly assigned to receive short-course ADT (n=761) or long-course ADT (n=762) in addition to postoperative radiotherapy at 138 centres in Canada, Denmark, Ireland, and the UK. With a median follow-up of 8·9 years (7·0–10·0), 313 metastasis-free survival events were reported overall (174 in the short-course ADT group and 139 in the long-course ADT group; HR 0·773 [95% CI 0·612–0·975]; p=0·029). 10-year metastasis-free survival was 71·9% (95% CI 67·6–75·7) in the short-course ADT group and 78·1% (74·2–81·5) in the long-course ADT group. Toxicity of grade 3 or higher was reported for 105 (14%) of 753 participants in the short-course ADT group and 142 (19%) of 757 participants in the long-course ADT group (p=0·025), with no treatment-related deaths. Interpretation Compared with adding 6 months of ADT, adding 24 months of ADT improved metastasis-free survival in people receiving postoperative radiotherapy. For individuals who can accept the additional duration of adverse effects, long-course ADT should be offered with postoperative radiotherapy. Funding Cancer Research UK, UK Research and Innovation (formerly Medical Research Council), and Canadian Cancer Society

Genre et discours métaphoriques sur la traduction

Traduction d'un texte de Lori Chamberlain, paru dans Signs © 1988 The University of Chicago PressIn 1988, in « Gender and the Metaphorics of Translation », Chamberlain revisits the figure of translation through several centuries of metaphors in translation studies. Based on the study of texts and anthologies from 1958 to 1985, particularly major texts such as those by Serge Steiner and Serge Gavronsky (and by those who inspired them from 1684 like Roscommon, Franklin or Cowper), she draws on Jacques Derrida, Terry Eagleton, Joseph Graham, Carole Maier, Suzanne Jill Levine or Susan Gubar, by deepening their approach, to analyze both the subordinate status given to translation by great translation scholars in the face of writing, but also the sexualized and submissive relationship it is supposed to have with the original text. This analysis, written during the emergence of feminist translation studies across the Atlantic, challenges a masculine and sexist conception of translation and creativity written about in terms of domination, power, gender and violence. By removing the seductive mask of stylistic beauty from the texts by translation scholars such as Steiner or Gavronsky, she reminds us that any sexist and hierarchical vision of creativity (creation vs. re-creation) is not simply problematic from a symbolic point of view, but that it underlies a struggle for authorship of texts that has material repercussions in terms of academic and salary recognition, or copyrights. With the agenda of freeing translation studies, the female translator and all creative acts from the yoke of limiting prejudices such as the binarity and hierarchy of the sexes (men/women) of works (original text/derived text) and of creation (calque/belles infidèles), Lori Chamberlain also questions an ultimately primitive, vision of anthropological relationships that are supposed to be based, as colonization was, on lust, greed, lust and violence, and that have long been conveyed in the metaphors of translation built around "the exchange of words, women and goods" (Lévi-Strauss). She goes further by proposing a real program for feminist translation studies that enable a dialogue with disciplines other than literature or philosophy: such as history or sociology.En 1988, dans « Gender and the Metaphorics of Translation », Chamberlain revient sur la figure de la traduction à travers plusieurs siècles de métaphores en traductologie. À partir de l’étude de textes et recueils allant de 1958 à 1985, comme ceux de Serge Steiner ou Serge Gavronsky – et de ceux qui les ont inspirés depuis 1684, comme Earl of Roscommon ou William Cowper — elle s’appuie sur Jacques Derrida, Terry Eagleton, Joseph Graham, Carole Maier, Suzanne Jill Levine ou Susan Gubar, en approfondissant leur approche, pour analyser à la fois le statut subalterne donné par les grands traductologues à la traduction face à l’écriture, mais aussi le rapport sexualisé, soumis ou dominateur, que celle-ci est sensée entretenir avec le texte original. Cette analyse rédigée en plein essor de la traductologie féministe outre-Atlantique remet en cause une conception masculine et sexiste de la traduction et de la créativité décrites en termes de domination, de pouvoir, de sexe et de violence. En faisant tomber le masque séducteur de la beauté stylistique des textes de traductologues comme Steiner ou Gavronsky, elle nous rappelle que toute vision sexiste et hiérarchisée de la créativité (création vs re-création) n’est pas simplement problématique d’un point de vue symbolique, mais qu’elle sous-tend une lutte pour la paternité des textes qui a des répercussions matérielles en terme termes de reconnaissance académique et salariale, ou de droits d’auteur. Avec comme agenda de libérer la traductologie et les traductrices du joug des préjugés limitants de la binarité et de la hiérarchie des sexes (hommes/femmes) et des œuvres (texte original/texte dérivé) et de la création (calque/belle infidèle), Lori Chamberlain remet également en cause une vision finalement primitive des rapports anthropologiques qui seraient basés, comme l’a été la colonisation, sur la convoitise, la cupidité, la concupiscence et la violence, et qui sont véhiculés depuis longtemps dans les métaphores de la traduction construites autour de « l’échange de mots, de femmes, de biens » (Levi-Strauss). Elle va plus loin en proposant dans ce texte un véritable programme qui permet à la traductologie féministe de sortir des seuls champs de la littérature ou de la philosophie pour dialoguer avec d’autres disciplines comme l’histoire ou la sociologie

End-of-Life Care Intensity in Patients Undergoing Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation: A Population-Level Analysis.

PURPOSE: Intensity of end-of-life care receives much attention in oncology because of concerns that high-intensity care is inconsistent with patient goals, leads to worse caregiver outcomes, and is expensive. Little is known about such care in those undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), a population at high risk for morbidity and mortality. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a population-based analysis of patients who died between 2000 and 2013, within 1 year of undergoing an inpatient allogeneic HCT using California administrative data. Previously validated markers of intensity were examined and included: hospital death, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and procedures such as intubation and cardiopulmonary resuscitation at end of life. Multivariable logistic regression models determined clinical and sociodemographic factors associated with: hospital death, a medically intense intervention (ICU admission, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, hemodialysis, intubation), and ≥ two intensity markers. RESULTS: Of the 2,135 patients in the study population, 377 were pediatric patients (age ≤ 21 years), 461 were young adults (age 22 to 39 years), and 1,297 were adults (age ≥ 40 years). The most common intensity markers were: hospital death (83%), ICU admission (49%), and intubation (45%). Medical intensity varied according to age, underlying diagnosis, and presence of comorbidities at time of HCT. Patients with higher-intensity end-of-life care included patients age 15 to 21 years and 30 to 59 years, patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and those with comorbidities at time of HCT. CONCLUSION: Patients dying within 1 year of inpatient allogeneic HCT are receiving medically intense end-of-life care with variations related to age, underlying diagnosis, and presence of comorbidities at time of HCT. Future studies need to determine if these patterns are consistent with patient and family goals