Formal training in two-dimensional standardized photographic documentation during residency in plastic surgery

Introduction: Plastic surgery requires diverse skills, knowledge, and competencies, and its scope is broad and challenging. Thus, all plastic surgeons go through extensive education/training, which begins during residency and continues throughout their lives. This study aims to outline a formal training program in 2-dimensional standardized photographic documentation ("photodocumentation") to complement surgical and scientific training during residency in Plastic Surgery. Methods: The components (strategies, topics covered, skills acquisition, and feedback processes) of training in photodocumentation during residency in Plastic Surgery were detailed. Results: Topics in the photodocumentation training program included resident activities, interactions among residents, professional photographers, and surgeons/preceptors, studio settings, cameras, lenses, principles (exposure, aperture, speed, ISO, and depth of field), lighting, preparation and positioning of patients and the camera, photoshoot conditions, photo views, photo database, image formats, computerized photogrammetry, and ethical and medical-legal issues. Conclusion: Training in photodocumentation complements the arsenal of skills needed by residents in Plastic Surgery for continuing education, in order to better prepare them for future careers

Formal training in scientific research increases the participation of plastic surgery residents in peer-reviewed articles

Introduction: The objectives of this study were as follows: (1) to outline a scientific research skills training program, (2) to evaluate the profile of participation of plastic surgery residents in articles, and (3) to analyze the impact of the implementation of the training program on quantitative bibliometric indexes. Methods: This was a bibliometric analysis of the participation of plastic surgery residents of a single institution in articles published in peer-reviewed journals between 2006 and 2014. The data collected were the number of authors, position of residents among authors, article titles, indexing databases and impact factor of the journals, study design, and levels of evidence. Two periods (January 2006 to January 2010 [A] and February 2010 to February 2014 [B]) were created to study the evolutionary profile of the impact of the implementation of the training program outlined in this study. Results: A significant predominance (p < 0.05) was observed among articles published in national journals in the Portuguese language and in the SciELO and LILACS databases, and articles without residents as corresponding author, without impact factor, without assumptions, and with a level of evidence III (retrospective studies). The inter-period comparative analysis revealed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the numbers of published articles and residents with publications at the end of their residency, in the involvement of one or more residents, and in the articles published in English (period A < period B). Conclusion: The implementation of a scientific research skills training program led to an increase in research activity of (peer-reviewed articles) during the residency

Towards Automated Semantic Segmentation in Mammography Images

Mammography images are widely used to detect non-palpable breast lesions or nodules, preventing cancer and providing the opportunity to plan interventions when necessary. The identification of some structures of interest is essential to make a diagnosis and evaluate image adequacy. Thus, computer-aided detection systems can be helpful in assisting medical interpretation by automatically segmenting these landmark structures. In this paper, we propose a deep learning-based framework for the segmentation of the nipple, the pectoral muscle, the fibroglandular tissue, and the fatty tissue on standard-view mammography images. We introduce a large private segmentation dataset and extensive experiments considering different deep-learning model architectures. Our experiments demonstrate accurate segmentation performance on variate and challenging cases, showing that this framework can be integrated into clinical practice.Comment: 6 page

EFEITO DE DIFERENTES CITOCININAS E SISTEMA DE CULTURA DUPLA-FASE NA MICROPROPAGAÇÃO DE TECA (TECTONA GRANDIS L.) ESTABELECIDA NA AMAZÔNIA SUL-OCIDENTAL

A cultura de tecidos representa uma das formas mais viáveis de multiplicação de matrizes selecionadas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as respostas fisiológicas de diferentes tipos de citocininas e composições de meio de cultura na multiplicação in vitro de microbrotos, bem como a eficiência do sistema dupla-fase de cultivo na micropropagação de Tectona grandis L.f. estabelecidos na Amazônia Sul-Ocidental. Segmentos nodais de plântulas germinadas in vitro foram utilizados como fontes de explantes. Foram avaliados, no sistema de cultivo semissólido, o efeito dos meios de cultura MS e WPM, e diferentes concentrações de BAP, CIN e TDZ (2,2; 4,4; 8,8; 17,7 µM). Para o sistema dupla-fase, os segmentos nodais foram cultivados por 30 dias em meio de cultura semissólido MS, com 30 g.L-1 de sacarose, 6 g.L-1 de ágar-ágar e suplementados com 2,2; 4,4; 8,8 µM de BAP e 0,53 µM de ANA. Após 30 dias em cultivo sólido, os mesmos tratamentos receberam a adição de 10 mL de meio de cultura líquido MS. Em sistema de cultura em meio semissólido, o meio de cultura WPM é mais eficiente na multiplicação in vitro de brotos de T. grandis L. O uso de BAP ou TDZ é mais eficiente na multiplicação in vitro do que as citocininas CIN. O uso do sistema de cultivo dupla-fase apresenta eficiência semelhante ao sistema convencional (meio semissólido).Palavras-chave: Tectona grandis. Reguladores de crescimento vegetal. Multiplicação in vitro. Sistema de cultivo dupla-fase.

Sistemas de cultivo in vitro e aclimatização de Aechmea setigera Mart. ex Schult. & Schult. f. (Bromeliaceae)

Aechmea setigera is an endemic bromeliad from Amazon with ornamental potential. Bromeliads have been propagated by tissue culture. The consistency of the culture medium in vitro multiplication influences the rate of propagation. In this sense, the objective of this study was to evaluate different culture systems with the use of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) on in vitro propagation and the effect of different substrates in acclimatization of plantlets Aechmea setigera. In vitro germinated seedlings were inoculated in MS medium in liquid stationary, semisolid, double-phase systems, plus 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) in different concentrations (0, 2.2, 4.4, 8.8 and 17.7 &mu;M). The ex vitro rooting and acclimatization were performed on substrate Plantmax Forest &reg;, vermiculite and sawdust eucalyptus. After three successive subcultures, the double-phase system showed a higher number of regenerated shoots in comparison to other systems. Acclimatization using the combination of commercial substrate Plantmax Forest &reg; and vermiculite favored the growth of micropropagated plants. The use of a culture medium double-phase without growth regulator, and the rooting in acclimatization are feasible strategy for the micropropagation of A. setigera.Aechmea setigera &eacute; uma brom&eacute;lia end&ecirc;mica da Amaz&ocirc;nia com potencial ornamental. As brom&eacute;lias t&ecirc;m sido propagadas por cultura de tecidos. A consist&ecirc;ncia do meio de cultura na multiplica&ccedil;&atilde;o in vitro influencia nas taxas de propaga&ccedil;&atilde;o. Nesse sentido, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar diferentes sistemas de cultivo com o uso de 6-benzilaminopurina na propaga&ccedil;&atilde;o in vitro e o efeito de diferentes substratos na aclimatiza&ccedil;&atilde;o de mudas de Aechmea setigera. Pl&acirc;ntulas germinadas in vitro foram inoculadas em meio de cultura MS nos sistemas semiss&oacute;lido, dupla-fase, e l&iacute;quido estacion&aacute;rio, acrescidos de 6-benzilaminopurina (BAP) em diferentes concentra&ccedil;&otilde;es (0; 2,2; 4,4; 8,8 e 17,7 &mu;M). O enraizamento ex vitro e a aclimatiza&ccedil;&atilde;o foram realizados em substrato comercial Plantmax Florestal&reg;, vermiculita e p&oacute; de serra de eucalipto. Ap&oacute;s tr&ecirc;s subcultivos sucessivos, o sistema dupla-fase apresentou maior n&uacute;mero de brotos regenerados em compara&ccedil;&atilde;o ao sistema semiss&oacute;lido e l&iacute;quido estacion&aacute;rio. A aclimatiza&ccedil;&atilde;o com o uso da combina&ccedil;&atilde;o de substrato comercial Plantmax Florestal&reg; e vermiculita favoreceu o crescimento das plantas micropropagadas. A utiliza&ccedil;&atilde;o de meio de cultura dupla-fase isento de regulador de crescimento e o enraizamento na aclimatiza&ccedil;&atilde;o s&atilde;o vi&aacute;veis para a micropropaga&ccedil;&atilde;o de A. setigera

Evolução dos gastos públicos estaduais em capital humano e em infraestrutura fisica nos estados brasileiros

The main objective of this paper is to analyses the evolution of public expenditures in human and physical capital and some of the principals socioeconomic indicators in the Brazilian states. The goal is obtain conclusions about the efficacy of the Government to increasing the well being of families. The results indicate efficacy of the expenditures in road infrastructure and education and health related to improvement of roads and stock of human capital. It is evident the South and Southeast states keep concentrating better level of income and infrastructure. However, there was progress of general way in 2007 and 2008 relative to eighties. There was reduction of the tax mortality and advances in years of study, per capita income, federal roads conditions and the income concentration in all states.O objetivo principal deste trabalho é avaliar a evolução dos gastos públicos em capital humano e físico e a evolução de alguns dos principais indicadores socioeconômicos nos diversos estados brasileiros, de forma a extrair conclusões sobre a eficácia destes dispêndios do Governo, quanto à meta de aumento do bem estar das famílias dos diversos estados do país. As principais conclusões atestam eficácia dos dispêndios públicos em infraestrutura rodoviária e em educação e saúde quanto aos avanços na malha rodoviária e no estoque de capital humano, respectivamente, a partir da análise da estrutura socioeconômica dos estados brasileiros. Fica claro que os estados do Sul e Sudeste continuam a concentrar riqueza e maior infraestrutura em detrimento dos demais. Entretanto, houve melhora geral no país, nos anos de 2007 e 2008, em relação à década de 1980, a exemplo da diminuição da mortalidade e da melhora de indicadores de escolaridade média, PIB per capita, condição das rodovias federais e de concentração de renda, em todos os estados brasileiros

MICROPROPAGAÇÃO DE Aechmea setigera Mart. ex Schult. & Schult. f.: UMA BROMÉLIA ENDÊMICA DA AMAZÔNIA OCIDENTAL

Bromeliads in the Amazon are generally unfamiliar. Aechmea setigera is endemic bromeliad from Amazon with ornamental potential. The objective of this work was to evaluate the physiological responses under the effect of growth regulators on the steps of micropropagation as well as establish a protocol as support for conservation. Seedlings germinated and grown in vitro were inoculated in MS liquid stationary culture, plus 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) in different concentrations (0, 2.2, 4.4, 8.8 and 17.6 μM). For rooting, microshoots were transferred to MS medium with 0, 2.4, 4.9, 9.8 μM indole acetic acid (IAA) and indole butyric acid (IBA). After five subcultures, the use of 17.6 μM BAP showed the highest number and shorter length of adventitious shoots. The starch content was lower in shoots induced with lower concentrations of BAP. The use of indole butyric acid at concentrations 4.9 and 9.8 μM promotes the highest number of regenerated adventitious roots. Regenerated plantlets were acclimatized (99 %) using commercial substrate in environment with 50% shading. A. setigera micropropagation is a viable strategy for plantlets production and species conservation.Keywords: Bromeliaceae; in vitro propagation; starch contents; Western Amazon.As bromélias da Amazônia são em geral pouco conhecidas. Aechmea setigera é uma bromélia endêmica da Amazônia com potencial ornamental. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar as respostas fisiológicas sob efeito de reguladores de crescimento nas etapas da micropropagação, bem como, estabelecer um protocolo como subsídio para a conservação. Plântulas germinadas e desenvolvidas in vitro foram inoculadas em meio de cultura MS líquidas estacionário acrescidas de 6-benzilaminopurina (BAP) em diferentes concentrações (0; 2,2; 4,4; 8,8 e 17,6 μM). Para o enraizamento, microbrotos foram transferidos para meio de cultura MS com 0; 2,4; 4,9; 9,8µM de ácido indolacético (AIA) e ácido indolbutírico (AIB). Após cinco subcultivos, o uso de 17,6 μM de BAP apresentou o maior número e o menor comprimento de brotações adventícias. Os teores de amido foram menores nos brotos induzidos com as menores concentrações de BAP. O uso de ácido indolbutírico nas concentrações de 4,9 e 9,8 μM promoveram o maior número de raízes adventícias regeneradas. Plantas jovens regeneradas foram aclimatizadas (99 %) utilizando substrato comercial em ambiente com 50 % de sombreamento. A micropropagação de A. setigera é uma estratégia viável para a produção de mudas e a conservação da espécie.Palavras-chave: Bromeliaceae, propagação in vitro, teores de amido, Amazônia Ocidental

Paraneoplastic Hypercalcemia Secondary to Canine Mammary Tumors

Background: Paraneoplastic syndromes are complexes symptom that occur at a distinct site from the primary tumor or its metastasis by the production of hormone by the tissue in which the tumor appears. Paraneoplastic hypercalcemia is associated with an abnormal elevation of serum calcium levels and the mainly tumor related to this syndrome in canine is lymphoma, anal sac apocrine gland adenocarcinoma and multiple myeloma. In mammary tumors, the most frequent tumor that affect female dogs, this syndrome was also observed. The aims of this study were to evaluate serum calcium levels in female dogs with malignant mammary tumors and correlate calcium levels with clinicopathological parameters.Materials, Methods &amp; Results: It was evaluated fifty-one female dogs with mammary carcinomas (simple carcinomas and carcinoma in mixed tumors) for serum calcium levels using colorimetric test. Clinical-histopathological data as spray status, pseudopregnancy, tumor size, ulceration, clinical staging, histopathological type and tumor grade were also evaluated in association with serum calcium levels. All dogs were treated with unilateral mastectomy. It was observed that 18 animals (35%) had calcium serum levels increased (&gt;11.5 mg/dL) and 56% (10/18 cases) of these animals had serum calcium levels higher than 12 mg/dL. All dogs with hypercalcemia were asymptomatic, including two female dogs that presented the highest levels (13.43 mg/dL and 14.28 mg/dL). Hypercalcemia of malignancy was related to mammary carcinomas after the exclusion of other causes of hypercalcemia through laboratory tests (complete blood count and serum biochemistry) and abdominal ultrasound. No correlation was verified between the corrected serum calcium values with clinical and histopathological parameters evaluated.Discussion: In this study, it was observed a high incidence of paraneoplastic hypercalcemia associated with canine mammary tumors (35%). In humans, this syndrome is related in up to 10% of all patients with advanced cancer and with worse prognosis. The most frequent clinical signs of hypercalcemia are nonspecific and can be confused with other diseases, such as polyuria, polydipsia, anorexia, constipation, lethargy and weakness. The treatment of this syndrome is based on tumor resection and when necessary other treatments can be performed with fluid containing 0.9% sodium chloride, furosemide, prednisolone and calcitonin. Patients with asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic hypercalcemia (calcium levels &lt;12 mg/ dL) do not require immediate treatment. Clinical signs occur more frequently with serum calcium levels higher than 15 mg/dL. Calcium levels higher than 18 mg/dL are considered a medical emergency and the clinical signs observed are trigger seizures, cardiac arrhythmia, acute renal failure and death. Most animals of this study presented mild hypercalcemia, that could justify the absence of clinical signs related to this syndrome, and the treatment for this syndrome was the tumor removal. The high serum calcium levels did not show correlation with more aggressive tumors and poorer prognosis, conditions evaluated by histological type, tumor grade and clinical stage. The evaluation of serum calcium levels is an important clinical test to be done in female dogs with mammary tumors, besides to be an affordable and technically simple test. The clinical signs related to this syndrome are nonspecific and may be confused with other diseases commonly observed in older dogs. The data suggest that there are no correlation between serum calcium levels with aggressiveness of canine mammary tumors and with other clinical features

Atributos físicos de um Latossolo sob sistemas de uso e manejo no médio Vale do Paraíba Paulista

Os atributos físicos do solo são indicadores indispensáveis na avaliação de diferentes sistemas de uso e manejo do solo. Objetivou-se, nesse trabalho, avaliar o efeito dos sistemas de uso e manejo i) pupunha para produção de frutos e sementes, ii) pupunha para produção de palmito, e iii) pastagem de Urochloa decumbens em pousio, em profundidade sobre os atributos físicos de um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo localizado no médio Vale do Paraíba Paulista, SP, Brasil. Em cada sistema foi determinada a resistência do solo à penetração nas profundidades de 0,00-0,10, 0,10-0,20 e 0,20-0,40 m, nas quais foram coletadas amostras para a determinação do teor de matéria orgânica, densidade do solo e de partículas e umidade (conteúdo de água)  no solo. A condutividade hidráulica, densidade de partículas, porosidade e volume de saturação foram determinadas por meio da coleta de amostras nas profundidades de 0,00-0,10 e 0,40-0,50 m. Verificou-se que não houve diferença para os atributos densidade de partículas, densidade do solo, porosidade total, resistência à penetração e matéria orgânica entre os sistemas de uso e manejo avaliados. Contudo, a condutividade hidráulica e o conteúdo de água (umidade) no solo foram maiores na área de pastagem de Urochloa decumbens em pousio. Os parâmetros densidade do solo, resistência à penetração e matéria orgânica apresentaram maiores valores em menor profundidade, enquanto a porosidade total, conteúdo de água (umidade) e condutividade hidráulica apontaram menores valores. A densidade de partículas e volume de saturação não foram influenciadas significativamente em profundidade

An initial study on atmospheric pressure ion transport by laser ionization and electrostatic fields.

Laser ionization of mixtures of gases at atmospheric pressure and the subsequent transport through electrostatic field is studied. A prototype is designed to perform the transport and detection of the ions. Relevance of the composition of the mixture of gases and ionization parameters is show