Effects of 20 years of parceling on the condition of communal rangeland on a Mexican ejido

This study evaluated the current condition of rangeland on 18 out of 62 plots created in 1993 by parceling the communal rangeland of the El Castañón ejido (Catorce, San Luis Potosí, México). Six plots located in three different rangeland sites were analyzed: two, visually characterized as ‘good’, two as ‘poor’, and two as ‘intermediate’. The density and volumetric biomass of the preponderant perennial species were estimated after grouping them by vital form and forage value. The current state of soil cover was assessed using Canfield’s line intercept method. Estimates of the variables of vegetation structure and soil cover on the plots were then subjected to multivariate analysis (DECORANA). The hypothesis established that the concepts of site and condition of rangeland, developed for climatic grasslands in the USA, are valid for multi-stratified rangelands in the scrublands of the potosino highland. The three sites of rangeland and the visual assessments of their condition were confirmed by the results of the analyses of vegetation and soil cover. After prioritizing 17 characteristics of the 18 plots, we confirmed that the variables density and biomass by groups of species with distinct forage value, and the ratio of bare soil to ground covered with vegetation and mulch, generated adequate evaluations of the condition of these rangelands. The studied plots showed important differences in rangeland condition, after 20 years of parceling and individual exploitation. Higlights The grazing lands in the Mexican ejidos are communal, without clear rules that determine the adequate amount of livestock that can graze a given area, hence there are abuse and deterioration of up to 95% of these lands. The ejido "El Castañón y Anexos" was the first in the Potosino highlands that took advantage of the amendment to article 27 of the Constitution in 1993, to parcel out common use areas and manage them individually since then. Three rangeland sites were recognized and in each of them two parcels with better condition, two with worst condition, and two with intermediate condition, were evaluated, for a total of 18 studied parcels, out of the 62 resulting from the parcel out process. The used combination of vegetation and soil cover variables, were adequate to verify visual gradients from good to fair, and from fair to poor condition, which may allow their application in the evaluation of the condition of rangelands under similar ecological conditions.  The results obtained after the parcel out process of the communal rangelands of the "El Castañón y Anexos" ejido, may be the basis to stop and reverse the generalized desertification of the grazing lands under social usufruct.This study evaluated the current condition of rangeland on 18 out of 62 plots created in 1993 by parceling the communal rangeland of the El Castañón ejido (Catorce, San Luis Potosí, México). Six plots located in three different rangeland sites were analyzed: two, visually characterized as ‘good’, two as ‘poor’, and two as ‘intermediate’. The density and volumetric biomass of the preponderant perennial species were estimated after grouping them by vital form and forage value. The current state of soil cover was assessed using Canfield’s line intercept method. Estimates of the variables of vegetation structure and soil cover on the plots were then subjected to multivariate analysis (DECORANA). The hypothesis established that the concepts of site and condition of rangeland, developed for climatic grasslands in the USA, are valid for multi-stratified rangelands in the scrublands of the potosino highland. The three sites of rangeland and the visual assessments of their condition were confirmed by the results of the analyses of vegetation and soil cover. After prioritizing 17 characteristics of the 18 plots, we confirmed that the variables density and biomass by groups of species with distinct forage value, and the ratio of bare soil to ground covered with vegetation and mulch, generated adequate evaluations of the condition of these rangelands. The studied plots showed important differences in rangeland condition, after 20 years of parceling and individual exploitation. Higlights The grazing lands in the Mexican ejidos are communal, without clear rules that determine the adequate amount of livestock that can graze a given area, hence there are abuse and deterioration of up to 95% of these lands. The ejido "El Castañón y Anexos" was the first in the Potosino highlands that took advantage of the amendment to article 27 of the Constitution in 1993, to parcel out common use areas and manage them individually since then. Three rangeland sites were recognized and in each of them two parcels with better condition, two with worst condition, and two with intermediate condition, were evaluated, for a total of 18 studied parcels, out of the 62 resulting from the parcel out process. The used combination of vegetation and soil cover variables, were adequate to verify visual gradients from good to fair, and from fair to poor condition, which may allow their application in the evaluation of the condition of rangelands under similar ecological conditions.  The results obtained after the parcel out process of the communal rangelands of the "El Castañón y Anexos" ejido, may be the basis to stop and reverse the generalized desertification of the grazing lands under social usufruct

Compost obtained from feces of dairy cattle vs. fertilizer on triticale production (X Triticum secale Wittmack)

El uso de abono es cada vez más frecuente en la agricultura por su efecto positivo sobre la fertilidad del suelo. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la altura de planta, número de tallos por m2, longitud foliar, número de hojas por tallo y rendimiento de materia seca de triticale (X Triticum secale Wittmack), fertilizado con abono (humus de lombriz y ácidos húmicos) y urea. Los tratamientos fueron: humus de lombriz, ácidos húmicos, urea, humus de lombriz + urea, ácidos húmicos + urea y testigo. Se utilizó un diseño completo al azar, con 6 tratamientos y 3 repeticiones, en unidades experimentales de 60 m2 y densidad de siembra de 100 kg de semilla por ha. Los mayores resultados de producción indican que la combinación de la fertilización orgánica e inorgánica fue mejor que los demás tratamientos (p<0,05), sin embargo, no hubo diferencias en las propiedades bromatológicas (p>0,05). La producción de triticale en los tratamientos con urea fue hasta un 70% superior al testigo y a los tratamientos únicamente con abonos.The use of compost obtained from feces is increasingly common in agriculture for soil fertility, the objective of this study was to determine the plant height, number of stems per m2, leaf length, number of leaves per stem and dry matter yield of triticale (X Triticum secale Wittmack), fertilized with compost (humus and humic acids) and urea. A complete randomized design was used with 6 treatments and 3 replications in experimental units of 60 m2 and seeding density of 100 kg of seed per ha. The treatments were: humus, humic acids, urea, humus + urea, humic acids + urea and control. The higher production indicate that the combination of organic and inorganic fertilization was better than the other treatments (p <0.05), however, there were no differences in the bromatological properties (p> 0.05). The production of triticale in treatments with urea was up to 70% higher than the control and anothers treatments evaluated.Fil: Beltrán Santoyo, Miguel Ángel. Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí (México)Fil: Álvarez Fuentes, Gregorio. Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí (México)Fil: García Lopez, Juan Carlos. Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí (México)Fil: Castro Rivera, Rigoberto

Crecimiento en longitud foliar y dinámica de población de tallos de cinco asociaciones de gramineas y leguminosa bajo pastoreo

El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la elongación, crecimiento, senescencia, peso y dinámica de tallos de cincoasociaciones conformadas por dos gramíneas y una leguminosa sembradas en diferentes proporciones. Se evaluaron cinco tratamientos: 4:3:3; 4:6:0; 4:0:6; 4:4:2 y 4:2:4 de trébol blanco-ovillo-ballico perenne, los cuales se distribuyeron en 20 unidades experimentales de 104 m2, en un diseño en bloques completos al azar. La mayor elongación ycrecimiento neto de la hoja de las especies evaluadas fue en verano, con 7.1 y 6.53 cm tallo-1 d-1, para el pasto ovillo, y 7 y 6.7 cm tallo-1 d-1, para ballico perenne; en trébol blanco no existió diferencia en el recambio de tejido foliar y del peciolo en verano y primavera (P>0.05). El mayor peso de tallos de ballico perenne y ovillo se registró en verano (0.38 g-1 tallo-1) y las mayores densidades en la época de invierno (9,961 y 10,423 tallos m-2), respectivamente. El recambio de tejido de las especies evaluadas presentó marcada estacionalidad, siendo más dinámico en verano que en otoño. La asociación de tres especies permitió una mayor dinámica en comparación con la asociación de dos especies

Perenial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) yield as a response to fitoregulators produced in digestates

Objective: Determine the effect on ballico perenne (Lolium perenne) in response to phytoregulators produced in digestates obtained from the anaerobic digestion of cow manure at different initial pH values. Design / methodology: Anaerobic digestions of cow manure were mounted at different initial pH values: 5, 6.5, 7.5 and 8.5 at 4, 8 and 20 days of digestion; gibberellic acid (AG3) and indole acetic acid (IAA) were quantified. These digestates were applied in pots: in plants of ballico with 6 months of established, applying all the digestates and in plants of ballico of 45 days of established with digestates at 4 days of digestion. The variables measured were height, fresh and dry matter and number of stems. Results: The initial pH of the digestion influenced the production of phytoregulators, being higher at pH 5.5 and 6.5; no IAA production was recorded at basic pH. The application of the digestates had a different effect according to the age of the pasture, this was greater in the leaf weight variable, in 6 months ballico plants the increase was between 21 and 24%; in 45 days ballico plants it was 48 to 115% higher compared to the control. Likewise, there were between 50 and 60% greater number of stems than in the control, applying digestate at 4 days of digestion. Limitations / implications: The study was carried out in ballico perenne, it would be interesting to evaluate it in other crops. Findings / Conclusions: The initial pH of the manure has a greater effect on the properties of the digestate than the digestion time. Digestates can be a good fertilizer for ballico perenne, its effect is better in young grasses. The digestate even with only 4 days of digestion has a positive effect on the development of ryegrass.Objective: To assess the effect on ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) as a response tophytoregulators produced in digestates obtained from the anaerobic digestion of cow manure, at different initial Ph.Design / methodology: Anaerobic cow manure digestions were set up at differentinitial 5, 6.5, 7.5 and 8.5 pH values and 4, 8 and 20 days of digestion, from these, gibberellic acid (AG 3 ) and indole acetic acid (IAA) were quantified. Thesedigestates were applied to ryegrass grown in containers: on 6 months pasturesapplying all the digestates and in 45 days pastures digestates at 4 days of digestion. The assessed variables were height, fresh and dry weight and number of. The control was developed on unfertilized soil. Results: The initial pH of the digestion influenced the production ofphytoregulators, being higher at pH 5.5 and 6.5; no IAA production was recorded atbasic pH. The application of the digestates had a different effect depending on thepastures age, was greater on the leaf weight variable. In 6 months pastures the increase was between 21 and 24%, in young pastures from 48 to 115% respect to the control. Likewise, there were between 50 and 60% greater number of stems than in the control, applying digestate at 4 days of digestion.Limitations / Implications: The study took place on ryegrass, it would be of interest in the area to evaluate it in other crops .Findings / Conclusions: The initial manure pH has a higher effect on the digestates properties the those of the time of digestion. Digestates can be a fertilizer for ryegrass, its effect is better in young grasses. The digestate even with 4 days of digestion has a positive effect on ryegrass development

Abonos obtenidos del compostado de heces de ganado bovino de leche vs. fertilizante en la producción de triticale (X Triticum secale Wittmack)

The use of compost obtained from feces is increasingly common in agriculture for soil fertility, the objective of this study was to determine the plant height, number of stems per m2, leaf length, number of leaves per stem and dry matter yield of triticale (X Triticum secale Wittmack), fertilized with compost (humus and humic acids) and urea. A complete randomized design was used with 6 treatments and 3 replications in experimental units of 60 m2 and seeding density of 100 kg of seed per ha. The treatments were: humus, humic acids, urea, humus + urea, humic acids + urea and control. The higher production indicate that the combination of organic and inorganic fertilizationwas better than the other treatments (p 0.05). The production of triticale in treatments with urea was up to 70% higher than the control and anothers treatments evaluated.El uso de abono es cada vez más frecuente en la agricultura por su efecto positivo sobre la fertilidad del suelo. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la altura de planta, número de tallos por m2, longitud foliar, número de hojas por tallo y rendimiento de materia seca de triticale (X Triticum secale Wittmack), fertilizado con abono (humus de lombriz y ácidos húmicos) y urea. Los tratamientos fueron: humus de lombriz, ácidos húmicos, urea, humus de lombriz + urea, ácidos húmicos + urea y testigo. Se utilizó un diseño completo al azar, con 6 tratamientos y 3 repeticiones, en unidades experimentales de 60 m2 y densidad de siembra de 100 kg de semilla por ha. Los mayores resultados de producción indican que la combinación de la fertilización orgánica e inorgánica fue mejor que los demás tratamientos (p0,05). La producción de triticale en los tratamientos con urea fue hasta un 70% superior al testigo y a los tratamientos únicamente con abonos

Effect of a Fungi Complex in Nine Ecotypes of Cenchrus purpureus (Schumach) Morrone

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the response of different concentrations of a fungal consortium on the growth and yield of ecotypes of Cenchrus purpureus under storm conditions. Design/methodology/approach: An experiment was established under a completely randomized design with a 9x2x4 factorial arrangement. The factors were 9 ecotypes of Cenchrus purpureus; two times of the year (summer-autumn and winter-spring) and four levels of mycorrhizal consortium. The variables evaluated were: number of shoots, number of leaves, and height of the shoot, leaf length, total biomass and leaf-stem ratio. Results: The response of the ecotypes had a differential effect on the variables NB, LHG, BT and RH / T. While the time affected the variables NH, AB, LHG, LHM, LHCh, BT and RH / T. Low inoculation levels increased the variables NB, AB, LHG, LHM and BT. Limitations on study/implications: The evaluated factors indicate that the level of inoculant and the season determine the growth and yield of Cenchrus purpureus. Findings/conclusions: The mycorrhizal consortium dose and time of year mainly determined the growth and yield of C. purpureus. Ecotypes respond differently to changes in mycorrhizal consortium dose and season. The evaluated factors indicate that the mycorrhiza dose and the time of year determine the growth and yield of C. purpureus. Two growth strategies of the ecotypes are visualized: 1) many shoots, with few small leaves and 2) few shoots with many large leaves.Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the response of different concentrations of a fungal consortium on the growth and yield of Cenchrus purpureus ecotypes under storm conditions.Design/Methodology/Approach: An experiment was established under a completely randomized design with a 9X2X4 factorial arrangement. The factors were 9 ecotypes of Cenchrus purpureus, two seasons of the year (Summer-Fall and Winter-Spring), and four levels of mycorrhizal consortium. The variables evaluated were: number of buds, number of leaves, height of the bud, leaf length, total biomass, and leaf-stalk ratio.Results: The response of the ecotypes had a differential effect on the variables NB, LLL, TB and L/SR, while the season affected the variables LN, PH, LLL, MLL, SLL, TB and L/SR. Low inoculation levels increased the variables NB, PH, LLL, MLL and TB.Study Limitations/Implications: The evaluated factors indicate that the level of inoculant and the season determine the growth and yield of Cenchrus purpureus.Findings/Conclusions: The mycorrhizal consortium dose and season of the year mainly determined the growth and yield of C. purpureus. Ecotypes respond differently to changes in the season and in mycorrhizal consortium dose. The evaluated factors indicate that the mycorrhiza dose and the season of the year determine the growth and yield of C.purpureus. Two growth strategies of the ecotypes are visualized: 1) many buds, with few small leaves and 2) few buds with many large leave

Fungal systematics and evolution : FUSE 6

Fungal Systematics and Evolution (FUSE) is one of the journal series to address the “fusion” between morphological data and molecular phylogenetic data and to describe new fungal taxa and interesting observations. This paper is the 6th contribution in the FUSE series—presenting one new genus, twelve new species, twelve new country records, and three new combinations. The new genus is: Pseudozeugandromyces (Laboulbeniomycetes, Laboulbeniales). The new species are: Albatrellopsis flettioides from Pakistan, Aureoboletus garciae from Mexico, Entomophila canadense from Canada, E. frigidum from Sweden, E. porphyroleucum from Vietnam, Erythrophylloporus flammans from Vietnam, Marasmiellus boreoorientalis from Kamchatka Peninsula in the Russian Far East, Marasmiellus longistipes from Pakistan, Pseudozeugandromyces tachypori on Tachyporus pusillus (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) from Belgium, Robillarda sohagensis from Egypt, Trechispora hondurensis from Honduras, and Tricholoma kenanii from Turkey. The new records are: Arthrorhynchus eucampsipodae on Eucampsipoda africanum (Diptera, Nycteribiidae) from Rwanda and South Africa, and on Nycteribia vexata (Diptera, Nycteribiidae) from Bulgaria; A. nycteribiae on Eucampsipoda africanum from South Africa, on Penicillidia conspicua (Diptera, Nycteribiidae) from Bulgaria (the first undoubtful country record), and on Penicillidia pachymela from Tanzania; Calvatia lilacina from Pakistan; Entoloma shangdongense from Pakistan; Erysiphe quercicola on Ziziphus jujuba (Rosales, Rhamnaceae) and E. urticae on Urtica dioica (Rosales, Urticaceae) from Pakistan; Fanniomyces ceratophorus on Fannia canicularis (Diptera, Faniidae) from the Netherlands; Marasmiellus biformis and M. subnuda from Pakistan; Morchella anatolica from Turkey; Ophiocordyceps ditmarii on Vespula vulgaris (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) from Austria; and Parvacoccum pini on Pinus cembra (Pinales, Pinaceae) from Austria. The new combinations are: Appendiculina gregaria, A. scaptomyzae, and Marasmiellus rodhallii. Analysis of an LSU dataset of Arthrorhynchus including isolates of A. eucampsipodae from Eucampsipoda africanum and Nycteribia spp. hosts, revealed that this taxon is a complex of multiple species segregated by host genus. Analysis of an SSU–LSU dataset of Laboulbeniomycetes sequences revealed support for the recognition of four monophyletic genera within Stigmatomyces sensu lato: Appendiculina, Fanniomyces, Gloeandromyces, and Stigmatomyces sensu stricto. Finally, phylogenetic analyses of Rhytismataceae based on ITS–LSU ribosomal DNA resulted in a close relationship of Parvacoccum pini with Coccomyces strobi.http://www.sydowia.at/index.htmpm2021Medical Virolog

Patrón de rebrote y comportamiento productivo de la asociación del Pasto Ovillo (Dactylis glomerata L.), Ballico perenne (Lolium perenne L.) y Trébol blanco (Trifolium repens L.)

El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la mejor asociación de dos gramíneas y una leguminosa en rendimiento de forraje, tasa de crecimiento (TC), composición botánica, tasa de recambio de tejido y dinámica de ahijamiento. Se evaluaron cinco tratamientos: 40:30:30% Trébol blanco-Ovillo-Ballico perenne (40:30:30% de TB-O- BP); 40:60% Trébol blanco-Ballico perenne; (40:60% de TB-BP); 40:60% Trébol blanco-Ovillo (40:60% de TB-O); 40:40:20% Trébol blanco-Ovillo-Ballico perenne (40:40:20% de TB-O-BP) y 40:20:40% Trébol blanco-Ovillo-Ballico perenne (40:20:40 de TB-O-BP). Se utilizaron 20 unidades experimentales de 104 m2, mediante un diseño en bloques completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones. Los resultados muestran que la asociación 40:20:40% de TB-O-BP registró el mayor rendimiento de forraje (17,270 kg MS ha-1), de Trébol blanco (10,000 kg MS ha-1), mayor tasa de elongación y crecimiento neto foliar de Ovillo (2.81, 2.41 cm-1 tallo-1 d-1), del peciolo de Trébol blanco (1.26 y 1.22 cm tallo-1 d-1), mayor tasa de aparición de tallos (5.05 tallos * 100 tallos d-1) de Ballico perenne. La asociación 40:30:30% de TB-O-BP presentó la mayor tasa de expansión y crecimiento neto foliar de Trébol blanco (0.98 y 0.88 cm2 hoja-1 d-1), peso por tallo de Ovillo (0.25 g tallo-1), Ballico perenne (0.26 g tallo-1), así como la tasa de muerte de tallos de Ballico perenne (1.69 tallos * 100 tallos d-1). La asociación 40:60% de TB-O, registró el menor rendimiento de forraje (12,140 kg MS ha-1), TC (32 kg MS ha-1 d-1), rendimiento de Trébol blanco (5,130 kg MS ha-1), pero el mayor rendimiento (4,420 kg MS ha-1) de Ovillo. El Trébol blanco aportó el 49%, seguido del Ballico perenne con un 29% y, en menor proporción, el pasto Ovillo con 18%, en rendimiento de forraje.___________The aim of this study was to determine the best sward mixture of two grasses and one legume on herbage yield, growth rate (GR), botanical composition, tissue turnover, and sward dynamics. Five treatments were evaluated: 40:30:30% white clover- cocksfoot - perennial ryegrass; 40:60% white clover- cocksfoot; 40:60% white clover- perennial ryegrass; 40:40:20% white clover- cocksfoot - perennial ryegrass, and 40:20:40% white clover- cocksfoot - perennial ryegrass, and these were allocated in 20 paddocks of 104 m-2, using a randomized block design, with four replicates. The results showed that the combination 40:20:40% of WC-C-PR had the highest total herbage yield (17,270 kg DM ha-1), the highest white clover herbage yield (10,000 kg DM ha-1); highest cocksfoot leaf elongation and net rate growth (2.81, 2.41 cm tiller-1 d-1), as well as the highest white clover petiole elongation (1.26 and 1.22 cm-1 tiller-1 d-1); highest perennial ryegrass tiller appearance rate (5.05 tiller * 100 tillers d-1). The association 40:30:30% of WC-C-PR had the highest white clover leaf rate expansion and net growth rate (0.98 and 0.88 cm2 leaf-1 d-1), cocksfoot tiller weight (0.25 g tiller- 1 ), perennial ryegrass (0.26 g tiller-1), and perennial ryegrass tiller death rate (0.87 tiller * 100 tillers d-1). The association 40:60% of WC-C showed the lowest annual herbage yield (12,140 kg DM ha-1), GR (32 kg DM ha-1 d-1), white clover herbage yield (5130 kg DM ha-1); but the highest cocksfoot herbage yield (4,420 kg DM ha-1). White clover contributes 49%, followed by perennial ryegrass with 29%, and to a lesser extent, cocksfoot grass with 18% for total herbage yield.Tesis ( Doctorado en Ciencias, especialista en Ganadería).- Colegio de Postgraduados, 2009

Evaluación del crecimiento de alevines de tres especies de Tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) en aguas duras, en la región de la Cañada, Oaxaca (México)

Se evaluó el crecimiento de alevines de tres especies de Tilapia: Tilapia azul (Oreochromis aurea), Tilapia plateada (O. niloticus var. stirling) y Tilapia roja (O. mossambicus), en condiciones de estrés por altos niveles de CaCO3 en el agua. Los parámetros que se midieron fueron: porcentaje de mortandad al momento de la siembra y durante el periodo de cultivo; peso y longitud de los peces a los 30, 60, 90 y 120 días de cultivo. Se trabajo con alevines de 30 días de eclosión, masculinizados con 17 a-metil-testorenona y con un peso inicial promedio de 0,5 g; fueron alimentados dos veces al día a saciedad con alimento comercial. El estudio se realizó en la comunidad de San Antonio Nanahuatipam, región de la Cañada del Estado de Oaxaca; se utilizó agua del río Salado para llenar los estanques de cemento en donde fueron sembrados los alevines. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que la especie Oreochromis mossambicus present ó un 3,3% de mortandad durante el periodo de evaluación, sin embargo obtuvo el mayor crecimiento con una longitud de 20,17 cm y un peso de 46,6 g, mostrando diferencias significativas (p<0,05) con respecto a Oreochromis aurea y O. niloticus var. stirling