Aerobisk trening for å bedre robusthet hos atlantisk laks (Salmo salar)

Exercise training produces a wide range of benefits to fish kept in captivity. Research has shown that among several other parameters, growth, feed efficiency, feed intake and cardiac capacity are improved. In higher vertebrates, exercise training is known to improve performance in terms of resistance to infectious and life-style associated diseases. In fish, nevertheless, the latter has not been acknowledged so far. Despite this knowledge, and the high potential for increasing overall robustness of farmed fish species, regular aquaculture practices do not encourage swimming activity as a way to promote exercise training. Such a measure might become especially relevant in the actual fish farming industry scenario, where mortalities due to infectious diseases have maintained high for a long period of time and comprise a principal constrain to the sector’s sustainability. Production losses are particularly high the first months after sea-transfer, thus preventive health measures must be initiated in juvenile fish during the freshwater stage. To assess the potential of exercise training for improving robustness of Atlantic salmon smolts, two experimental trials were performed, consisting of several training regimes differing in their duration, intensity and modality during the fresh water rearing stage. Robustness was measured in terms of growth, cardiac capacity and disease resistance. The effects of exercise training on disease resistance were assessed by challenging the trained fish with Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis (IPN) after transfer to sea water (papers 1 and 2). It was found that exercise training at swimming velocities around one body length per second resulted in improved performance when compared to untrained fish. Furthermore, exercise training consisting on a daily change in swimming velocity (interval training) produced greater effects than continuous velocity training, though only when the velocity changes were mild. In the contrary, interval training regime with relatively large daily changes in water velocity, gave reduced disease resistance probably due to the formation of a stressful environment. A step further in uncovering the effects of exercise training on resistance to infectious diseases was addressed in paper 2, as the inherent swimming capacity of fish within a population was taken into account. After splitting the population in two groups (poor and good) according to their swimming capacities, it was found that such inherent differences associated positively with disease resistance later in life. Furthermore, training conferred no disease resistance effects on the inherently good swimmers, while performance of poor swimmers was either improved through an optimal regime (achieving similar resistance level as good swimmers), or worsened through a deleterious regime. To get an insight into the cardiac acclimation response to exercise training, the molecular mechanisms underlying this were studied in papers 1 and 3 through the use of gene expression (microarrays and real-time quantitative RT-PCR) and protein expression (western blot and immunohistochemistry) analyses. The selected tissue was the heart given its central role as a main exercise-target organ as well as its immunological relevance. In paper 1, exercise-induced improved survival to IPN was associated with a reduction in the expression of genes related to inflammatory mechanisms, including cytokines and enzymes producing eicosanoids. Further, exercise-induced disease resistance was linked to a consistent upregulation of complement components (immune effectors) as well as antioxidants and xenobiotics clearance molecules. This suggests that training modulates the cardiac molecular response, generating an immune competent tissue. In paper 3, the cardiac acclimation process was investigated for those cellular mechanisms known to strengthen the cardiac muscle in higher vertebrates. It was found that mRNA and protein levels of compounds participating in cardiac growth (both through cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia), contractility, blood supply and lipids metabolism were elevated by exercise training on an intensitydependent manner, resembling the molecular signature behind the mammalian exerciseinduced enlarged heart. Finally, exercise training improved the growth rate of Atlantic salmon as seen in both experimental trials (papers 1 and 2). Such an effect was mainly ascribed to an increased feed intake (paper 1) and a mixture of feed intake and feed conversion efficiency (paper 2). Overall, this thesis demonstrates that exercise training Atlantic salmon pre-smolts has a strong potential for producing more robust fish, with improved disease resistance associated with a strengthened cardiovascular system and improved somatic growth. Future research with an emphasis on further optimizing the training regimes presented here will undoubtedly generate the required knowledge to implement protocols with the potential of bringing large benefits to the fish, the industry and the consumers.The Fishery and Aquaculture Industry Research Fund ; Norges Forskningsrå

Seis poemas de Abdellatif Laâbi

Translation Francophone Moroccan Abdellatif Laâbi poems. This poet won the Goncourt Prize for poetry in 2009 and the Grand Prix de la Francophonie of the French Academy in 2011. His poems are characterized by simplicity, directness and force flair addresses by like everyday aspects of after ¬ ontological and political protest court offspring. Traducción de seis poemas del marroquí francófono Abdellatif Laâbi, quien obtuvo el Premio Goncourt de poesía en 2009 y el Gran Premio de la Francofonía de la Academia Francesa en 2011. Sus poemas se caracterizan por la sencillez, inmediatez y fuerza de un estilo que aborda por igual aspectos cotidianos de tras­cendencia ontológica y de protesta de corte político

A Management Model for Improve the Governance of Protected Areas since an Institutional Perspective and an Empirical Case in a Spanish Natural Park

This paper propose a management model for improve the governance of protected areas from an institutional perspective. The good governance in protected areas is based in seven principles: Legitimacy, Inclusiveness, Accountability, Performance, Equity, Connectivity and Institutional sustainability. This proposal is based on an overview of work at the institutional framework level and incorporates factors that affect to the efficiency of governance and improve it. A collaborative multi-criteria method is proposed to improve the good governance and ensure the Institutional Sustainability dimension, by integrating the stakeholder preferences in decision making. This model allows for obtain priorities on the management objectives of the stakeholders in a protected area and identify equivalences with IUCN protection categories using a multi-criteria outranking technique. It also presents an application in the Albufera Natural Park in Valencia, a strongly man-modified wetland located in Eastern Spain. This holistic approach allows ensure the incorporation of elements associated with the institutional sustainability that are not sufficiently represented in the governance in protected areas and to lay the theoretical basis for improve the governance for the global network of protected areas. The application of the model in the Albufera Natural Park has identified the V-Protected Lanscape / Seascape IUCN category as the equivalent international protection category. The results obtained by the park staff and other stakeholders have no major discrepancies. This suggests that this protection category seems well adapted to the social context of this protected area, moreover, the V protection category usually fits well to ecosystems strongly modified by human activities as is the case of the Albufera of Valencia. This model achieves improve two subdimensions of the Institutional Sustainability in the governance of protected areas: the Institutional Resilience, with a flexible integration of the preferences of the stakeholders and the Institutional Robustness, including the priorities of the stakeholders in the decision making of the protected areas

Adhesión de los pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica a la dieta

Este estudio, describe y evalúa la adhesión a la dieta en pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica en diálisis. Se trata de un trabajo no-experimental, analítico y transversal desarrollado en una muestra de 263 pacientes en diálisis en el Noreste Transmontano en Portugal. Se utilizó una medida específica de la adhesión a la dieta, RAAQ. De los participantes, la mayoría son hombres (58,9%), el 64,3% están casadas, viven solos el 16%, y el 86,7% están jubilados y tienen un nivel de estúdios de educación general básica o menos el 96,7%. La edad de los sujetos de la muestra oscila entre 19 y 88 años. Los ingresos económicos del 43,9%. están por debajo de _ 400. El tipo más común de tratamiento es la hemodiálisis (95,1%). Tratamiento en períodos de tiempo de 8 días a 25 años. Muchos tienen otras enfermedades asociadas (56,7%), la diabetes es la más aducida (29%). Para los parámetros bioquímicos y antropométricos de peso se utilizaron marcadores de potasio (K) e interdiálisis. Los valores de potasio se encuentran entre 1 y 9.2 mEq / L. Los rangos de peso en interdiálisis entre cero y 5,7 kg. Se ha demostrado un impacto negativo de algunos datos sociodemográficos y clínicos en el nivel de adhesión a la dieta

Contrato psicológico em tempo de governação austera

Um modelo de Estado de bem-estar social não pode configurar retórica filosófica ou opção de um sistema político, mas um imperativo soberano para a sobrevivência das sociedades contemporâneas. O presente estudo, de base eminentemente teórica, integra conceções de distintos campos de pesquisa – como a psicologia, sociologia e políticas públicas -, com o propósito de analisar fatores de risco social, para a população adulta, que decorrem da implementação de políticas públicas de austeridade. Se do lado do Estado há um claro entendimento acerca das obrigações dos cidadãos, explícito em normativos legais ou implícito por atitudes e comportamentos de cidadania que o Estado espera de um povo, à sua imagem, “bom aluno”; da parte dos cidadãos é expectável que se reclamem os direitos adquiridos pelo esforço e pelos contributos a que estão vinculados. As políticas de austeridade vigentes mudam o eixo de centralidade de uma relação que se requeria de equilíbrio; simultaneamente, espelham a hegemonia do poder do Estado em arenas de exercício estribadas em marcadores económicos, que nos sugere, em teoria, que os contratos psicológicos possam estar em sucessiva rutura. Será no âmbito da responsabilidade social do Estado que têm de emergir novas dinâmicas que respondam a novas formatações societais e a novas formas de proteção dos cidadãos