The role of social capital in adoption of sustainable practices in Chile and Indonesia

The world food and non-food needs are expected to increase from 2005/2007 to 2050 by 60 percent, raising concerns on how this demand will be fulfilled sustainably (Le Mouël and Forslund, 2017). To cope with this increase in demand, the agricultural sector faces an essential decision between land sparing and land sharing, a debate particularly active in the last decade (Alexandratos et al., 2012; Harrison, 2002; Le Mouël and Forslund, 2017; TheRoyal Society (London), 2009). On the one hand, central elements of the debate concern the effects of agricultural intensity (or yield) on biodiversity, while land-sharing integrates nature conservation approaches into agricultural production across a region but characterized by low-yielding farmland with higher biodiversity, but with less land available for the sole purpose of nature conservation. The increase of agricultural land is of particular attention because it expands through the alteration of forests, swamplands, and other pristine habitats (Barbier, 2004). On the other hand, land-use change to expand agriculture increases Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions and is accountable for 12-17% of the total global GHG emissions, negatively impacting biodiversity and ecosystem services (Hamilton et al., 2015; Pradhan et al., 2015). On the other hand, an increase of yields requires an increase in production which will be constrained by the finite resources provided by Earth's land, oceans, and atmosphere (Godfray et al., 2010); therefore, producing more food from the same area of land while reducing negative environmental externalities, can be accomplished by the use of existing sustainable practices (FAO, 2011; Godfray et al., 2010; Jordan, 2015; Tubiello et al., 2014). Farmers' decisions regarding adopting agricultural practices are based on pre-existing networks, organizations, and other relationships among individuals (Ostrom and Ahn, 2003). Although adoption has been widely studied, it shows a disciplinary fragmentation (Pannell et al., 2006). Social capital is a concept that helps integrate with the economic analysis of communities' cultural, social, and institutional dynamics. Social capital is a mechanism that helps to overcome market imperfections and promotes collective action, generating positive externalities that facilitate cooperation to achieve goals. Still, it can also have a negative side (Ostrom, 2007). This dissertation aims to analyze the role of social capital through two case studies; one, which analyses how social capital and its interaction with psychological constructs affects the decision to adopt pressurized irrigation systems using a cross-sectional survey. The second case study focuses on social capital and incentives effects on pro-social behavior, especially looking at land allocated for the cultivation of rubber agroforestry in Indonesia under individual and collective Payment for Environmental Services (PES) schemes applying a framed-field experiment.  Results show that social capital plays an important role in adopting sustainable practices in the agricultural sector.  On the one hand, we provide empirical evidence about the significant and positive influence of social capital variables on the level of perceived control and intention to perform the adoption of pressurized irrigation. On the other, we show that social capital, in the form of a network, could negatively influence conservation behavior when the social norm is to cultivate the more profitable crop, as in Indonesia's oil palm under PES schemes. We find that individuals were more susceptible to social capital variables under collective schemes than in the individual scheme. Social capital in the form of a network shows a negative and significant influence on the share of land allocated to rubber agroforestry. In contrast, membership and environmental awareness of the network have a positive influence. Individual characteristics such as individual environmental perception, land tenure, and if the participant cultivates rubber agroforestry were more relevant in the individual scheme. When comparing both case studies, the differences in the sign of the effect of social capital, precisely the effect of a social network, reaffirm the need to design context-specific strategies and consider each site's social dynamics.  In addition, the results show that land heterogeneity matters; collective schemes may be especially suitable to engage large landowners, who may feel the moral pressure to contribute their share under such institutional arrangements. In contrast, smaller farmers respond to individual and collective incentives. However, it should be kept in mind that the effectiveness of PES is highly place-specific and depends on the social norms prevalent in the communities.  Our empirical results have important policy implications. In the case study from Chile, we identified that attitude campaigns are not enough to influence intentions. The government could target and change the norm of superficial irrigation by convincing people of core beliefs associated with water conservation awareness and boost farmers' trust in water organizations that could foster cooperation to adopt pressurized irrigation systems as a norm. In the case study in Indonesia regarding Payment for Environmental Services, our findings have important implications for REDD focus countries, which is the most crucial arena for collective PES nowadays. Policymakers can build upon existing social norms; provide economic incentives for conservation, and complement informal institutions. Future PES should focus and be tailored to the participants' characteristics in terms of endowment and should have a better understanding of the social norms of the context. 2021-07-0

Fluvial base level control on the differential rejuvenation of the Olvera- Zaframagón gypsum karst system (NE Cádiz province)

El presente trabajo analiza la evolución del relieve en un sector localizado entre la depresión del Guadalquivir y la cuenca de Ronda, en la Cordillera Bética noroccidental, representado por extensos afloramientos de arcillas y yesos triásicos, sobre los que destacan relieves rocosos aislados formados por bloques de calizas jurásicas, como el peñón de Zaframagón, al oeste del municipio de Olvera. Estos bloques dibujan una antigua superficie de erosión con pendiente hacia el NO, muy probablemente asociada a la progresiva continentalización de la cuenca del Guadalquivir durante el Plioceno. Los afloramientos triásicos están afectados por una intensa karstificación en forma de dolinas y simas y otras depresiones de fondo plano, de tipo polje, en las zonas interfluviales. La incisión diferencial de los ríos Guadamanil y Guadalporcún, en la parte alta de la cuenca del río Guadalete, parece haber condicionado el desarrollo vertical de las formas kársticas. El río Guadalporcún corta transversalmente al peñón de Zaframagón a través de un corto pero profundo cañón, que ha actuado como obstáculo a la incisión del río, lo que ha provocado una menor tasa de encajamiento con respecto al río Guadamanil. Este encajamiento diferencial ha afectado al desarrollo de las formas kársticas de absorción que drenan a uno y otro río, generando simas más profundas en la vertiente que drena al Guadamanil. Por otro lado, en las laderas del valle de este río se ha reconocido una secuencia de surgencias escalonadas, cuyas alturas con respecto al cauce coinciden con las alturas generales asignadas a los niveles de terrazas cuaternarias definidos para la cuenca fluvial del Guadalete. Todos estos aspectos apuntan a que el desarrollo vertical del karst de Olvera-Zaframagón durante el Pleistoceno ha estado muy condicionado por el comportamiento del nivel de base, tanto a escala regional como local.The present work deals with the relief evolution in an area of the northwestern sector of the Betic Ranges. It is characterized by extensive outcrops of Triassic clays and gypsums over which several isolated reliefs of Jurassic carbonate rocks stand out, like the Zaframagón Rock, West of Olvera village. The flattened summits of all these carbonate blocks delimit an old erosion surface sloping NW, very probably related to the progressive continentalization of the nearby, formerly marine, Guadalquivir Tertiary Depression during the Pliocene. The Triassic gypsums are presently affected by intense karstification in form of dolines and shafts, as well as other flat-bottomed depressions similar to poljes in the interfluve areas. Differential incision in the Guadamanil and Guadalporcún Rivers, located in the head of the Guadalete fluvial basin, seems to have conditioned the vertical development of karst forms in the region. The Guadalporcún River crosses the Zaframagón Rock through a short but deep gorge. The Rock has acted as an obstacle to the river incision and this has hampered its vertical erosion if compared to the one of the Guadamanil River. This differential incision has affected the development of absortion karst forms which drain to both rivers: dolines and shafts are deeper when draining to the Guadamanil River valley. The slopes of the valley are plenty of active and inactive springs, drawing a sequence of stepped outflow points, whose relative heights coincide with the general heights assigned to the Quaternary fluvial terrace levels regionally defined for the Guadalete River basin. All these aspects suggest a strong relationship between the Pleistocene vertical development of the Olvera-Zaframagón karst system and the behavior of the base level, both at regional and local levels

Contenido regional en fluoruros de las aguas de abastecimiento de los municipios del cinturón urbano de Granada capital. Significación geoquímica

En el presente trabajo se exponen los contenidos regionales en fluoruros hallados para las aguas de abastecimiento de los municipios del cinturón urbano de Granada capital. Asimismo, se intenta explicar, con el apoyo de estudios más amplios, las principales significaciones geoquímicas de los contenidos halladosIn the present paper the regional fluorides contens found in the supplied waters of the villages near the Granada city are shown. In the same way and with the support of more extensive studies, I tray to explain the main geochemical significations of such fluorides contents

Las funciones del trabajador social en los equipos de atención primaria del Insalud.

Sin resume

Molecular phylogeny of the genus Rotylenchus (Nematoda, Tylenchida) and description of a new species

17 pages, 8 figures.A description of a new species of plant parasitic nematodes of the genus Rotylenchus from the family Hoplolaimidae is given and a recognition of Rotylenchus jaeni comb. n., previously known as subspecies R. magnus jaeni, as separate species is proposed. Rotylenchus montanus sp. n. is characterized by a hemispherical lip region with six rarely seven annuli, stylet 33–37 µm, female tail rounded, regularly annulated tip with 12–18 annuli and phasmid located 2–9 annuli anterior to anus. Rotylenchus montanus sp. n. is close to species of the monosexual group R. arsenjevi, R. corsicus, R. fragaricus, R. helicus, R. indorobustus and R. neorobustus, by a number of specific characteristics resulting from its specific matrix code: A5, B1, C1, D4, E2, F2, G3, H2, I2, J2, K2. Molecular characterization of R. montanus sp. n. and other Rotylenchus species are provided using D2–D3 expansion segments of 28S and the ITS1 of rRNA genes. The D2–D3 of 28S rRNA and the ITS1–rRNA sequences of R. montanus sp. n. differed in one nucleotide and in 16–20 nucleotides from those of an unidentified Rotylenchus species from Russia, respectively. Molecular analysis of populations of R. magnus and R. jaeni comb. n. demonstrated differences in the D2–D3 and the ITS1–rRNA sequences. These genetic differences together with some minor morphological characters support that both subspecies should be considered as two cryptic sibling species and warranted their elevation to species rank. The result of phylogenetic analysis of Hoplolaimidae for 45 sequences of the D2 and D3 expansion regions of 28S rRNA gene using Bayesian inference analysis under the complex model is presented. Phylogenetic tree of Rotylenchus species represents seven moderate to highly supported lineages. Grouping of Rotylenchus species within other hoplolaimids and analysis of phylogenetic relationships within the genus Rotylenchus using the ITS1 of rRNA gene sequences are also discussed.The second author acknowledges support from NSF PEET grant DEB-0731516, and the fifth author acknowledges support from Consejería de Innovación Ciencia y Empresa (CICE) of Junta de Andalucía grant P06-AGR-01360.Peer reviewe

OUTPLACEMENT: THE CHALLENGE OF A REALITY IN THE MEXICAN ORGANIZATIONS

Since companies are the bases of the economy in Mexico, there is an increased interest on the part of the government to boost their growth through various programs, but the increased international competition, mergers, acquisitions and recurring economic crises, give rise to a social and economic phenomenon that is repeated on a daily basis: "unemployment". To offset this problem, it is necessary to implement Outplacement programs that Mexican companies can follow internally and a solid strategy for Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), which would be designed to restrain the periods of work cutback and minimize the psychological and social impact on those affected. This article discusses the importance of challenging a reality related to Outplacement for Mexican companies, the importance of this phenomenon as part of CSR and some ideas for profit and steps to implement a program

Reactions to synthetic membranes dialyzers: Is there an increase in incidence?

Background: Reactions to dialyzers used in dialysis have been reported more frequently in recent years. Evidence, however, shows that the reaction rate has remained stable for years. Summary: One explanation for the apparent increase in publication frequency could be the lack of knowledge that dialyzer reactions may well occur with biocompatible membranes. Studies showed that the cause of these reactions is very diverse and varied, involving multiple materials. However, polyvinylpyrrolidone continues to be the main suspect, but without conclusive results. There are no differences between the different fibers, and although polysulfone is the most described, it is also the most used. Key Messages: The change to cellulose triacetate continues to be the most appropriate form of treatment. The classification of these reactions into type A and B complicates the diagnosis, and its true usefulness is in doubtThe research presented in this article is supported by the grants from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and European Regional Development Funds (ERDF/FEDER) through ISCIII/FIS grants PI16/01298, PI17/01495, CIBERDEM and REDINREN RD016/0019 and through the Madrid Renal Society (SOMANE) grant

Heterodinuclear TiMo and TiW complexes bridged by the (dimethylsilanediyl) dicyclopentadienyl ligand

Reactions of the tricarbonyl-molybdenum and -tungsten complexes [M(CO)3(MeCN)3] (M = Mo, W or [Mo(CO)3(mesitylene)] with equimolar amounts of [Ti(η5-Cp′){(η5-C5H3)(SiMe2)2 (C5H4)}Cl2] (Cp′ = C5H5, C5Me5) lead to the heterodinuclear compounds [Ti(η5-Cp′)Cl2{μ-[(SiMe2)2(η5-C5H3)2]}MH(CO)3]. These dinuclear complexes are isolated as single cis- and trans-isomers or as mixtures of both depending on the starting complex and the reaction conditions. The molar ratio of the two resulting isomers is controlled by thermodynamic and kinetic factors which prevent the application of stereoselective methods for some of the products. Reaction of the hydrido cis- and trans-complexes with CCl4 in CH2Cl2 allows the isolation of chloro complexes [Ti(η5-Cp′)Cl2{μ-[(SiMe2)2(η5-C5H3)2]} MCl(CO)3] of the same configuration. All of the new heterodinuclear compounds reported were characterized by their analytical composition, IR and NMR spectroscopy and the molecular structure of cis-[Ti(η5-C5Me5)Cl2{μ-[(SiMe2)2(η5-C5H3)2]}WH(CO)3] was studied by X-ray diffraction methods.Comunidad Autónoma de Madri

Introducción a la gamificación y el aprendizaje activo en el aula de Ciencias Naturales para adultos

El presente trabajo recoge un extenso análisis del diseño y el desarrollo fundamentado de la propuesta didáctica de innovación y evaluación docente llevada a cabo con un grupo de alumnos de tercer módulo de Educacion Secundaria Para Adultos (ESPA) de Ciencias Naturales, la cual se ha empleado para impartir los contenidos de la Unidad Didáctica de “Alimentación y nutrición humanas”. A través de una argumentación y justificación teórica que la avala, esta propuesta de diseñó con la intención de mejorar la situación de un grupo muy desmotivado y caracterizado por los malos resultados académicos. En ella se incluyen aspectos relacionados con el contexto del grupo y del Centro, el propósito perseguido con la aplicación de dicha propuesta y las herramientas y metodologías innovadoras llevadas a cabo para tratar de conseguirlo. El trabajo finaliza exponiendo una evaluación de los logros alcanzados y la propuesta de una opción válida de mejora de cara al trabajo futuro con este u otros grupos similares. Asimismo, el trabajo comienza haciendo alusión al diseño y desarrollo de dos actividades aprendidas en el Máster y trasladadas a mi intervención docente durante el Practicum con dos grupos de cuarto módulo de ESPA de Ciencias Naturales. <br /

El momento del parto, un acontecimiento para disfrutar

La atención al parto en nuestro Sistema de Salud se lleva a cabo en los hospitales, los cuales están dotados con medios cada vez más sofisticados, lo que permite garantizar una adecuada asistencia al parto especialmente en los casos de riesgo que presentan o pueden presentar complicaciones. Pero también la atención al parto normal se ha visto afectada por la intervención médica creciente. El objetivo de este trabajo fue revisar las alternativas existentes que se pueden realizar durante el proceso del parto, evitando la excesiva tecnificación, así como explicar la posibilidad que tienen las mujeres de disfrutar de su parto y de ser las protagonistas en la toma de decisiones. Se siguió un diseño de carácter descriptivo basado en una revisión bibliográfica en diferentes bases datos, limitando los años de la búsqueda entre el 2000 y 2013, con el análisis de una muestra de los artículos originales publicados. Como conclusión se destaca la posibilidad de disfrutar de un parto digno, íntimo, humanizado y lo más fisiológico posible. Es fundamental que la mujer pueda ser partícipe de la toma de decisiones, sintiéndose protagonista durante todo el proceso del parto