Transforming food systems under a changing climate in Latin America: A climate policy review

Agriculture is highly vulnerable to climate change, but at the same time, it is the main contributor to climate change Governments have recognized that facing climate change is essential to address a sustainable development pathway, but so far little progress has been achieved Thus there is a need for rapid and transformative actions that tackle climate change impacts while achieving sustainable rural development Nevertheless, the way current policies are addressing actions towards transformative actions is unclear concerning sustainable pathways of food systems in the face of climate change. In this sense, this paper reviews current climate change-related policies of Latin American countries to identify whether they address transformational actions in the agricultural sector or food systems in relation to climate change Research questions include which countries state in their policies transformative actions? Are Latin American national policies in line with their international commitments? In order to answer these questions we used different methods of text analysis applied to the policy framework of Latin American countries to assess the integration level of eight components that Campbell et al 2018 propose in the theory of change to drive the transformation of food systems under climate chang

Contribución de la inteligencia emocional en la inclusión laboral de personas con diversidad funcional física

56 páginasEn el mundo existen aproximadamente 470 millones de personas con diversidad funcional en edad de trabajar, la mayoría de esta población no tiene la oportunidad de incluirse laboralmente por las limitaciones que presentan, no reciben un trato igualitario y se convierten en un grupo vulnerable presentando dificultades de motivación O’Reilly (2007). En Colombia según Registro de Localización y Caracterización hay 1’404.108 personas con diversidad funcional correspondiente al 2.6% de la población; el 81% se encuentra en estratos 1 y 2 (personas con bajos recursos), tan solo el 20% finaliza la secundaria y el 12% de los que se encuentran en edad productiva tienen acceso al mundo del trabajo. Ministerio de salud y protección social (2018) Este grupo vulnerable en América latina enfrenta situaciones muy exigentes ya que viven en condiciones de pobreza extrema; además de hacer frente a sus limitaciones, deben sobre llevar también su propia condición de salud mental y emocional para sobrepasar los desafíos de inclusión en el mundo (Labrador, 2016; Samaniego, 2006). En esta línea, ser incluido significa integrar a la persona en todos los contextos posibles, desde el personal, pasando por el académico, el laboral el deportivo y el social. Con la inclusión como proceso se trabaja por la igualdad, la participación y el respeto posibilitando un desenvolvimiento integral en todos los contextos (Darmstadter, 2015; Espinoza R y Valderrama, 2016)

Transforming food systems under a changing climate in Latin America: A climate policy review

Agriculture is highly vulnerable to climate change, but at the same time, it is the main contributor to climate change Governments have recognized that facing climate change is essential to address a sustainable development pathway, but so far little progress has been achieved Thus there is a need for rapid and transformative actions that tackle climate change impacts while achieving sustainable rural development Nevertheless, the way current policies are addressing actions towards transformative actions is unclear concerning sustainable pathways of food systems in the face of climate change. In this sense, this paper reviews current climate change-related policies of Latin American countries to identify whether they address transformational actions in the agricultural sector or food systems in relation to climate change Research questions include which countries state in their policies transformative actions? Are Latin American national policies in line with their international commitments? In order to answer these questions we used different methods of text analysis applied to the policy framework of Latin American countries to assess the integration level of eight components that Campbell et al 2018 propose in the theory of change to drive the transformation of food systems under climate chang

Understanding the cephalopod immune system based on functional and molecular evidence

11 páginas, 6 figurasCephalopods have the most advanced circulatory and nervous system among the mollusks. Recently, they have been included in the European directive which state that suffering and pain should be minimized in cephalopods used in experimentation. The knowledge about cephalopod welfare is still limited and several gaps are yet to be filled, especially in reference to pathogens, pathologies and immune response of these mollusks. In light of the requirements of the normative, in addition to the ecologic and economic importance of cephalopods, in this review we update the work published to date concerning cephalopod immune system. Significant advances have been reached in relation to the characterization of haemocytes and defensive mechanisms comprising cellular and humoral factors mainly, but not limited, in species of high economic value like Sepia officinalis and Octopus vulgaris. Moreover, the improvement of molecular approaches has helped to discover several immune-related genes/proteins. These immune genes/proteins include antimicrobial peptides, phenoloxidases, antioxidant enzymes, serine protease inhibitor, lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-α factor, Toll-like receptors, lectins, even clusters of differentiation among others. Most of them have been found in haemocytes but also in gills and digestive gland, and the characterization as well as their precise role in the immune response of cephalopods is still pending to be elucidated. The assessment of immune parameters in cephalopods exposed to contaminants is just starting, but the negative impact of some pollutants on the immune response of the common octopus has been reported. This review summarizes the current status of our knowledge about the cephalopod immune system that seems to be far from simply. On the contrary, the advances gained to date point out a complex innate immunity in cephalopodsPeer reviewe

Omaisten saama tuki ja selviytymiskeinot läheisen kuoltua

Krueger, Merja. Omaisten saama tuki ja selviytymiskeinot läheisen kuoltua. Diak Länsi, Pori, kevät 2012, 41 s., 2 liitettä. Daikonia-ammattikorkeakoulu, sosiaalialan koulutusohjelma, Diakonisen sosiaalityön suuntautumisvaihtoehto, sosionomi (AMK)+ diakonian virkakelpoisuus. Opinnäytetyö pohjautuu tutkimukselliseen tietoon. Empiirisen aineiston avulla haettiin vastausta tutkimuskysymykseen siitä, mistä läheisensä menettäneet saivat tukea ja apua silloin, kun heitä kohtasi ehkä elämänsä vaikein tilanne. Tutkimus toi samalla esille kunnan ja seurakunnan palvelutarjontaa läheisensä menettäneille. Tavoitteena oli selvittää, mistä omaiset saivat apua, minkälaista tuki oli ja kokivatko he sen tarpeelliseksi. Aineiston keruumenetelminä käytettiin kirjallisuutta, lehtiartikkeleita, opinnäytetöitä, www-sivustoja, paikallisen kunnan ja seurakunnan työntekijöiden asiantuntemusta sekä vuosina 2000 - 2010 kuolleiden henkilöiden omaisten kokemuksia. Kunnan ja seurakunnan työntekijät kertoivat vapaamuotoisesti palvelutarjonnastaan ja käytännöistään heille asetettujen kysymysten turvin. Omaisten kokemuksia koottiin haastatteluilla kyselylomakkeen avulla, joka suoritettiin henkilökohtaisesti paikkakunnan hautausmaalla. Kyselyyn osallistuivat 12 henkilöä, joista yksi oli mies ja loput naisia. Lähestymistapa opinnäytetyön aineiston keruu- ja analysointimenetelmiin oli pääsääntöisesti fenomenologisen tutkimuksen kvalitatiivista sisällön analyysiä. tutkimuksessa pyrittiin ymmärtämään inhimillisen toiminnan ja kokemuksen subjektiivista merkitystä silloin, kun ihminen on menettänyt läheisensä. Päätulokset osoittivat, että läheisten tuki oli merkittävintä pienellä paikkakunnalla, jossa sukulaisia oli runsaasti ja ihmiset tunsivat naapurustonsa. Vaikeuksia ei myöskään ollut tarpeellisen avun hakemisessa eri palveluntuottajilta niiden näkyvyyden vuoksi. Johtopäätöksenä voi pitää sitä, että tukitoimenpiteitä läheisensä menettäneille oli myös pienellä paikkakunnalla saatavissa, jos asianomainen vain halusi hakeutua niiden piiriin tai ottaa niitä vastaan. Luonnollisesti pienen paikkakunnan palvelutarjonta oli kapea-alaista, mutta tarvittaessa apua sai pyytää myös naapurikunnista ja -seurakunnista.Krueger, Merja. Relatives to Receive Subsidies And Coping Ways after The Death of a Close. 41 p., 2 appendices. Language: Finnish. Pori, Autumn 2012. Diaconia University of Applied Sciences. Degree Programme in Social Services, Option in Diaconal Social Work. Degree: Bachelor of Social Services + Deacon. The thesis based on researched empirical data. Using these data, the aim was to answer how people who had lost their near relatives got support in the situation, where they faced one of the most difficult situations in their lives. The thesis also found out what kind of services the municipality and the congregation provided to the bereaved. The research questions were, where the bereaved got support, what the quality of the support was and if they considered it valuable? The data were collected from literature, articles, theses, Internet repositories, specialists in local municipality and congregation and from interviewing people who had lost their family member during 2000 – 2010. The specialists casually explained their supply of services and their institutions. The experiences of the bereaved were collected by an enquiry conducted personally at the graveyard of the municipality. In all, 12 closest relatives responded. One of them was male and eleven female. The approach to collecting data and the analysis of the material were mainly phenomenological qualitative content analysis. The thesis was trying to understand the subjective meaning of human behaviour and experience in a situation where a family member had passed away. The main results were proved, that in a small municipality, where one had lots of relatives and people knew their neighbours, the support given by the family and intimate friends was considered most important. It seems that it was not difficult to ask for support when needed from different service providers because of their broad coverage. The conclusion was that measures of support for the bereaved was also in a small municipality, if the bereaved considered it necessary. Naturally, the services of a small municipality were restricted, but help could be solicited on demand from nearby municipalities and congregations. Keywords: death, sorrow, social services, relatives, social work done by a church, suppor

Phase equilibria and P-T-X (Fe-Mg) relations involving GT-St-Cd-Als-Bi-Mu-Qz-Kfs-H20 in medium-high grade metapelites (KFASH,KMASH and KFMASH systems)

En rocas metapelíticas de diversas áreas en el Hercínico de la Península Ibérica se observan a menudo las siguientes reacciones: Estaurolita + moscovita + cuarzo = biotita + Al2SiO5+ H2O Granate + moscovita = Al2SiO5 + biotita ± cuarzo Biotita + Al2SiO5 + cuarzo = cordierita + feldespato potásico + H2O. Se han estudiado en el sistema con K2O -FeO- Al2O3-SiO2-H2O (KFASH) tres asociacioness con Bi-Mu-St-Als-Qz- H2O además de Cd-Gt-Fk, eliminando en cada una de ellas una de las tres últimas fases. La expansión de las reacciones que se obtienen con estas asociaciones, en superficies divariantes a través del espacio P-T-X(Fe-Mg), se realizó estudiando la asociación GtSt- Cd-Bi-Mu-Fk-Als-Qz- H2 en el sistema KFMASH con una relación Fe/Fe+Mg según Gt St Bi Cd, tal como se observa en la mayoría de roca pelíticas. A partir de las anteriores redes se ba obtenido otra para condiciones de PH20=Pt baja fugacidad de oxígeno (tampón QFM), y exceso de moscovita y cuarzo. Las pendientes de las reacciones en esta última red se calcularon para diferentes condiciones poTo Se han obtenido las relaciones teóricas P-T-X(Fe-Mg) para tres reacciones univariantes y trece divariantes. La red confirma la imposibilidad de la coexistencia entre estaurolita y feldespato potásico y entre granate, cordierita y moscovita. Se constata, además, la extensión de los campos de estabilidad de Gt-St, Cd-St y Gt-Cd en metapelitas pobres en moscovita.In different areas of the Hercynian in the Iberian Peninsula sorne reactions are repeatedly observed in pelites, these reactions are: Staurolite + muscovite + quartz = Biotite+ Al2SiOs+ H20 Garnet + muscovite = AI2SiOs+ biotite+ quartz Biotite + Al2SiOs + quartz = Cordierite + K feldspar+Hp In order to examinate the P-T stability fields of tbese, and otber similar reactions, aH the univariant equilibria in multisystems with Gt-Cd-St-Bi-Mu-Als-Qz-HP, Gt-St-Bi-Mu-Fk-AIs-QzHp and Cd-St-Bi-Mu-Fk-AIs-Qz-H20 in Kp-FeO-AI20 r Si02-H20 (KFASH) system have been calculated, and their corresponding P-T grids have been constructed. The expansion of these reactions into divariant surfaces through the P-T-X (Fe-Mg) space was made by studying the assemblage Gt-Cd-St-Bi-Mu-Fk-AIs-Qz-HP in Kp-FeO-MgO-AIP3-Si02-Hp (KFMASH) with a Fe/Fe+Mg relationship Gt>St>Bi>Cd such as observed in most of natural pelites. A resultant grid was obtained by combining those obtained in the aboye systerns. This grid has been P-T located for PH2o =P" near QFM buffer, and excess muscovite and quartz conditions Reaction slopes in this grid were calculated within different P-T surroundings from thermodynamic data as weH as by considering the existing experimental data. In addition to the stability fields of reactions tbe P-T-XFe_Mg theoric relations for three univariant and thirteen divariant reactions have been obtained. The grid confirms the imposibility of staurolite-K feldspar and Garnet-Cordierite-Muscovite coexistence, as weH as the extension of the stability fields for Garnet-Staurolite, Cordierite-Staurolite and Garnet-Cordierite assemblages in muscovite-poor metapelites

Equilibrios minerales y zonación de granates en el nucleo del domo del Tormes (provincias de Salamanca y Zamora)

El estudio de la zonación en 1os granates de gneises pelíticos pertenecientes al núcleo del domo del Tormes indica el carácter retrógrado de estos y confirma la existencia de las siguientes reacciones observadas petrográficamente en anteriores trabajos: Gt+Als+Qz+H,O -> Cd ; Bi+Als+Qz -> Cd+Fk+H,O ; Bi+Als+Qz->Gt+Cd+Fk+H20; CaGt+Als+Qz ->Capl. El conocimiento de 1os campos de estabilidad de las reacciones que se producen en estas rocas y las observaciones petrográficas indican que ha tenido lugar la reacción de retrogradación Cd+Fk+H,O --> Bi+Mu+Qz, siendo probable además que parte del granate se haya formado según Bi+Mu+Qz -> Gt+Fk+H,O. Finalmente se propone una trayectoria P-T para 1os estadios finales de evolución del núcleo del domo basada en 1os anteriores equilibrios y en sus campos de estabilidad teóricos.Garnets in the Tormes dome core area show a conspicuous retrograde diffusion zoning. The Fe, Mg, Ca, and Mn distribution in this mineral is consistent whith the reactions Gt+Als+Qz+H,O > Cd; Bi+Als+Qz -> Cd+Fk+H,O;Bi+Als+Qz -> Gt+Cd+Fk+H,O CaGt+Als+Qz-> CaPl petrographicaly predicted in previous papers. In addition, petrographic observations contrasted with a petrogenetic grid developed for these rocks suggest that reactions Cd+Fk+H,O -> Bi+Mu+Qz and Gt+Fk+H,O -> Bi+Mu+Qz take place. Previous data allow to draw a semiquantitative P-T-t path for the latest metamorphic stages

Teaching pronunciation throungh experiential learning and pronunciation techniques.

During the observation of four English classes at the beginning of a professional practicum in the second half of 2015 in a private school in Bogota, it was observed students had some pronunciation problems when they spoke and performed short conversations in listening and speaking activities. It looks like a simple problem; but the reality is that it is an aspect which may cause negative implications in students’ learning process because pronunciation is an aspect that is linked with speaking and listening mainly (Bearte K., 2O14). If you analyze this point of view you might say: What is the relationship among them? The answer is simple. Whether you pronounce a word or sets of words wrongly, at the beginning, you do not notice the consequences. Those consequences are related to there is a great quantity of words with minimal pairs which have completely different meanings to each other. An example of this is: ‘she went to bet VS she went to bed (bet VS bed)’. However, when you progress, you realize whether you are able to pronounce a word correctly, you can listen and understand it without any problem. But if you pronounce something wrongly, you might probably generate misunderstandings and that is why this project took for topic EFL pronunciation