Prinsip Individualisasi Pidana Dalam Penempatan Narapidana Berdasarkan Jenis Kejahatan

The development of prisoners in prison aims to foster prisoners so that they do not repeat their crimes and become better individuals so that they can be accepted back into society. In fostering prisoners, the classification of prisoners must be applied. The classification of prisoners is an application of the principle of individualization. The principle of individualization of punishment is one part of the purpose of punishment. Article 12 of Law Number 12 Year 1995 on Corrections once regulated the classification of prisoners based on the type of crime. In its amendment, namely in Article 36 paragraph (4) of Law Number 22 Year 2022 on Corrections, it no longer regulates the classification of prisoners based on the type of crime. The placement of prisoners is only classified based on age and gender or other reasons based on risk assessment

A Review on the Interpretability-Accuracy Trade-Off in Evolutionary Multi-Objective Fuzzy Systems (EMOFS)

Interpretability and accuracy are two important features of fuzzy systems which are conflicting in their nature. One can be improved at the cost of the other and this situation is identified as “Interpretability-Accuracy Trade-Off”. To deal with this trade-off Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms (MOEA) are frequently applied in the design of fuzzy systems. Several novel MOEA have been proposed and invented for this purpose, more specifically, Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithms (NSGA-II), Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm 2 (SPEA2), Fuzzy Genetics-Based Machine Learning (FGBML), (2 + 2) Pareto Archived Evolutionary Strategy ((2 + 2) PAES), (2 + 2) Memetic- Pareto Archived Evolutionary Strategy ((2 + 2) M-PAES), <em>etc</em>. This paper introduces and reviews the approaches to the issue of developing fuzzy systems using Evolutionary Multi-Objective Optimization (EMO) algorithms considering ‘Interpretability-Accuracy Trade-off’ and mainly focusing on the work in the last decade. Different research issues and challenges are also discussed

Efficient syntheses of new polyhydroxylated 2,3-diaryl-9h-xanthen-9-ones

A large number of hydroxylated 2,3-diaryl-9H-xanthen-9- ones have been synthesised by two different approaches, starting either from 3-bromo-2-methyl-4H-chromen-4-one or from (E)-3-bromo-2-styryl-4H-chromen-4-ones. The former method involves Heck reactions between 3-bromo-2-methyl- 4H-chromen-4-one and styrenes, leading to (E)-2-methyl-3- styryl-4H-chromen-4-ones; these condensed with benzaldehyde to give (E,E)-2,3-distyryl-4H-chromen-4-ones, which led to the desired 2,3-diaryl-9H-xanthen-9-ones under reflux in 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene. 3-Bromo-2-styryl-4H-chromen-4- ones were obtained either by aldol condensations between 3-bromo-2-methyl-4H-chromen-4-one and benzaldehydes, or through Baker–Venkataraman rearrangements of 2-acetylphenyl cinnamates, followed by one-pot bromination/ cyclisation with phenyltrimethylammonium tribromide. The 2,3-diaryl-9H-xanthene-9-ones were obtained in one-pot transformations involving Heck reactions between (E)-3- Introduction Xanthones constitute one of the major classes of naturally occurring oxygen-containing heterocyclic compounds containing dibenzo-γ-pyrone rings.[1] They occur in two major plant families, Guttiferae and Gentianaceae, and also in some families of fungi and lichens.[2,3] Natural derivatives can be hydroxylated, methoxylated or prenylated, among other possibilities; the parent compound xanthone itself is not known as a natural product.[3,4] The presence of aryl groups on the xanthone core has only been reported for a few synthetic derivatives, and as far as we know the literature had never presented the synthesis of xanthones featuring 2,3-diaryl moieties before our work.[5,6] Over the last decades these substances have been extensively studied not only because they participate in several biological functions but also as a consequence of their remarkable antifungal,[7–9] anti-inflammatory,[10,11] antimalarial[ 12–14] and antitumour activities,[15,16] and even as promising antioxidant agents.[17–19] Structure–activity stud- [a] Department of Vegetal Production and Technology, Escola Superior Agrária de Bragança, 5301-855 Bragança, Portugal Fax: +351-273-325405 E-mail: [email protected] [b] Department of Chemistry & QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal Fax: +351-234-370084 E-mail: [email protected] © 2009 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH 2642 & Co. KGaA, Weinheim Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2009, 2642–2660 bromo-2-styryl-4H-chromen-4-ones and styrenes, followed by electrocyclisation and oxidation processes. The 2,3-diaryl- 3,4-dihydro-9H-xanthene-9-one intermediates were also isolated under these conditions, and so when 5-methoxy-2-styryl- 4H-chromen-4-ones were used as starting materials the 1-hydroxy-6,7-diaryl-9H-xanthene-9-ones were also observed. The second method is a general one, because it allowed the synthesis of a great number of 2,3-diaryl-9Hxanthen- 9-ones with several substitution patterns, whereas the first one is limited to certain derivatives. The last step in the synthesis of hydroxylated 2,3-diaryl-9H-xanthen-9-ones was the cleavage of the hydroxy protecting groups with boron tribromide. The structures and stereochemistry of all new compounds were established by NMR studies

Efeito de giberelina (GA3) e do bioestimulante 'Stimulate' na indução floral e produtividade do maracujazeiro-amarelo em condições de safra normal Effect of gibereline (GA3) and biostimulant 'Stimulate' in floral induction and yield of yellow passion fruit in conditions of normal growing season

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de GA3, nas concentrações de 100; 200 e 300mg L-1 e do bioestimulante Stimulate®, em doses de 2,08; 4,17 e 6,25mL L-1, em duas aplicações via foliar, acrescidas de espalhante adesivo Silwett® a 0,05% e a exposição dos ramos à luminosidade, na indução floral e produtividade do maracujazeiro-amarelo, em condições de safra normal, em Araguari-MG. Aos 30 dias após a primeira aplicação dos tratamentos, iniciaram-se as avaliações do número de flores, com contagens diárias, nos dois lados da espaldeira, nos meses de setembro de 2002 a março de 2003. As colheitas dos frutos foram realizadas semanalmente, no período de novembro de 2002 a abril de 2003, observando-se a produção. O GA3 e o Stimulate não proporcionaram efeito significativo no número de flores, nas sete épocas, assim como no número total de flores. Não houve efeito dos tratamentos para a produtividade e produção total de frutos. Os ramos sob luminosidade pela tarde apresentaram maior número de flores, nos meses de setembro, dezembro, fevereiro e março. A interação entre os tratamentos e a exposição dos ramos à luminosidade não foi significativa para o número de flores, nas épocas avaliadas.<br>The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of GA3 , in concentrations of 100, 200 and 300mg L-1 and biostimulant StimulateTM, in doses of 2,08, 4,17 and 6,25 mL L-1, in two leaf applications, added with the adhesive spreader SilwettTM at 0,05% and branch exposure to brightness, on passion fruit in floral induction and yield, in conditions of normal growing season, in Araguari-MG. At 30 days after the first treatment application, the evaluation of flower number started, with daily counts, in both sides of the plants, from September 2002 to March 2003. Fruit harvest was realized weekly from November 2002 to April 2003, being observed the yield. GA3 and Stimulate did not provide significant effect on flower number in none of the seven different times, as well as on total flower number. There was no treatment effect on yield and total fruit yield. Branches under afternoon brightness presented larger flower number in September, December, February and March. Interaction between treatments and branch exposure to brightness was not significant for flower number in the evaluated times