Cardiorespiratory coordination in repeated maximal exercise

Increases in cardiorespiratory coordination (CRC) after training with no differences in performance and physiological variables have recently been reported using a principal component analysis approach. However, no research has yet evaluated the short-term effects of exercise on CRC. The aim of this study was to delineate the behavior of CRC under different physiological initial conditions produced by repeated maximal exercises. Fifteen participants performed 2 consecutive graded and maximal cycling tests. Test 1 was performed without any previous exercise, and Test 2 6 min after Test 1. Both tests started at 0 W and the workload was increased by 25 W/min in males and 20 W/min in females, until they were not able to maintain the prescribed cycling frequency of 70 rpm for more than 5 consecutive seconds. A principal component (PC) analysis of selected cardiovascular and cardiorespiratory variables (expired fraction of O2, expired fraction of CO2, ventilation, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate) was performed to evaluate the CRC defined by the number of PCs in both tests. In order to quantify the degree of coordination, the information entropy was calculated and the eigenvalues of the first PC (PC1) were compared between tests. Although no significant differences were found between the tests with respect to the performed maximal workload (Wmax), maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max), or ventilatory threshold (VT), an increase in the number of PCs and/or a decrease of eigenvalues of PC1 (t = 2.95; p = 0.01; d = 1.08) was found in Test 2 compared to Test 1. Moreover, entropy was significantly higher (Z = 2.33; p = 0.02; d = 1.43) in the last test. In conclusion, despite the fact that no significant differences were observed in the conventionally explored maximal performance and physiological variables (Wmax, VO2 max, and VT) between tests, a reduction of CRC was observed in Test 2. These results emphasize the interest of CRC evaluation in the assessment and interpretation of cardiorespiratory exercise testing

Regionalizações dos ovidutos em Boophilus microplus (Canestrini, 1887) (Acari:Ixodidae) e seu possível significado na fecundação

The structural analysis of oviducts in Boophilus microplus (Canestrini, 1887) in different stages of ingurgitation has indicated that they are constituted primarily of an internal cylinder and an external cylinder with different cell types being found between them. Copulated females in active ingurgitation process show typical variations along the internal cylinder, and three regions can be defined: anterior, ring-like and transitional. Based on such regionalization, hypotheses were raised about where and how fertilization takes place, a process yet to be clarified for the acari.Uma análise estrutural dos ovidutos de Boophilus microplus (Canestrini, 1887) em diferentes fases de ingurgitamento permitiu detectar que eles estão constituídos basicamente por dois cilindros celulares, um interno e outro externo; entre os quais foram encontrados diferentes tipos celulares. Fêmeas copuladas e em processo ativo de ingurgitamento mostram variações típicas ao longo do cilindro interno podendo ser definidas três regiões: anterior, anelar e de transição. Com base em tal regionalização, hipóteses sobre onde e como ocorre a fecundação, processo ainda não elucidado até o momento para ácaros, são levantadas

Escapes of non-native fish from flooded aquaculture facilities: the case of Paranapanema River, southern Brazil

Non-native species are a major driver of biodiversity loss. Aquaculture activities play a key role in introductions, including the escape of fishes from fish farm facilities. Here, the impact of flooding due to El Niño rains in 2015/2016 in the Lower and Middle Paranapanema River basin, southern Brazil, was investigated by evaluating fish escapes from 12 fish farms. The flooding resulted in the escape of approximately 1.14 million fishes into the river, encompassing 21 species and three hybrids. Non-native species were the most abundant escapees, especially Oreochormis niloticus and Coptodon rendalli (96% of all fish). Only seven native fishes were in the escapee fauna, comprising 1% of all fish. Large floods, coupled with inadequate biosecurity, thus resulted in considerable inputs of non-native fish into this already invaded system

Evaluación de la respuesta estructural en una edificación aporticada, con sistema constructivo de losas U-Boot Beton, losa Vigacero y una convencional, Trujillo – 2022

La presente investigación es la evaluación de la respuesta estructural en una edificación aporticada con un sistema constructivo de losas U-Boot Beton, losa Vigacero y convencional en la ciudad de Trujillo. La metodología a emplear es de tipo no experimental aplicada porque ya existen enfoques teóricos a cerca de las variables a través de un diseño transversal. Los resultados obtenidos en la presente investigación es que la Losa U Boot Beton – Losa Vigacero respecto a costo, tiempo y seguridad en edificación es mejor que la losa aporticado convencional. Para este estudio se empleó un diseño no experimental, del tipo transversal descriptivo, en donde la población y la muestra se determinó mediante la técnica de Muestreo No Probabilístico Intencional, la técnica de observación, con la ayuda de un programa computacional para la medición de los objetivos. Finalmente se presentó la evaluación del desempeño sísmico según los objetivos básicos de desempeño recomendados por el Comité Visión 2000. Así, se constató que el 100% de las edificaciones no cumplen con el objetivo de totalmente operacional para el sismo frecuente, el 37% cumplen con el objetivo de operacional para el sismo de servicio, el 6% cumplen con el objetivo de seguridad de vida para el sismo de diseño, y el 100% de las edificaciones no cumplen con el objetivo de prevención de colapso para el sismo máximo.The present investigation is the evaluation of the structural response in a framed building with a construction system of U-Boot Beton slabs, Vigacero and conventional slabs in the city of Trujillo. The methodology to be used is of a non-experimental type applied because there are already theoretical approaches to the variables through a cross-sectional design. The results obtained in the present investigation is that the U Boot Beton Slab - Vigacero Slab with respect to cost, time and safety in construction is better than the conventional framed slab. For this study, a non-experimental design was used, of the descriptive cross-sectional type, where the population and the sample were determined by means of the Intentional Non-Probabilistic Sampling technique, the observation technique, with the help of a computer program for the measurement of the objectives. Finally, the seismic performance evaluation was presented according to the basic performance objectives recommended by the Vision 2000 Committee. Thus, it was found that 100% of the buildings do not meet the goal of being fully operational for frequent earthquakes, 37% meet the the operational objective for the service earthquake, 6% meet the life safety objective for the design earthquake, and 100% of the buildings do not meet the collapse prevention objective for the maximum earthquake

Cardiorespiratory coordination during exercise in adults with Down syndrome

Introduction: Down syndrome (DS) is a chromosomal disorder affecting simultaneously cardiovascular and respiratory systems. There is no research studying the coupling between these systems during cardiorespiratory exercise testing in a population with DS. Cardiorespiratory coordination (CRC), evaluated through principal component analysis (PCA), measures the covariation of cardiorespiratory variables during exercise. Objective: to investigate and compare CRC in adults with and without DS during maximal cardiorespiratory exercise testing. Methods: fifteen adults with DS and 15 adults without disabilities performed a maximal cardiorespiratory exercise test on a treadmill. First, the slope, and afterward the velocity was increased regularly until participants reached exhaustion. The time series of six selected cardiorespiratory variables [ventilation per minute, an expired fraction of O2, the expired fraction of CO2, heart rate, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP)] were extracted for the analysis. The number of principal components (PCs), the first PC eigenvalues (PC1), and the information entropy were computed for each group (non-DS and DS) and compared using a t-test or a Mann-Whitney U test. Results: two PCs in the non-DS group and three PCs in the DS group captured the variance of the studied cardiorespiratory variables. The formation of an additional PC in the DS group was the result of the shift of SBP and DBP fromthe PC1 cluster of variables. Eigenvalues of PC1 were higher in the non-DS (U = 30; p = 0.02; d = 1.47) than in the DS group, and the entropy measure was higher in the DS compared with the non-DS group (U = 37.5; p = 0.008; d = 0.70). Conclusion: adults with Down syndrome showed higher CRC dimensionality and a higher entropy measure than participants without disabilities. Both findings point toward a lower efficiency of the cardiorespiratory function during exercise in participants with DS. CRC appears as an alternative measure to investigate the cardiorespiratory function and its response to exercise in the DS population

Impoundments facilitate a biological invasion: Dispersal and establishment of non-native armoured catfish Loricariichthys platymetopon (Isbrückler & Nijssen, 1979) in a neotropical river.

Where dam construction eliminates natural barriers to fish movement between previously disconnected catchments then this presents an opportunity for the movement of species between previously discrete assemblages. Here, the movement of a non-native armoured catfish, Loricariichthys platymetopon, is detailed from its natural range in the lower Paraná River basin, Brazil, into its invasive range in the upper basin following construction of the Itaipu Dam. Its upstream dispersal into a major tributary, the Paranapanema River, is outlined, with focus on its establishment within hydroelectric dams. This case study thus provides further evidence of how river regulation can increase opportunities for biological invasions

Radiografia simples e tomografia computadorizada do crânio em crianças e adolescentes vítimas de traumatismo craniano leve

OBJECTIVE: To identify which pediatric patients with mild head trauma are candidates for skull radiographs or cranial computed tomography (CCT) scans. METHOD: Patients with mild head trauma aged from 0 to 19 years presenting to the Emergency Department of a trauma centre from Salvador City, Brazil, between May 2007 and May 2008. RESULTS: A total of 1888 mild head trauma patients were admitted; mean age was 7.4 (±5.5) years. A total of 1956 skull radiographs and 734 CCT scans were performed. About 44.4% patients with Glasgow coma score (GCS) 13 and 55.4% with GCS 14 had abnormal CCT scans. In patients with multiple traumas, 16% had abnormal findings on CCT scans. CONCLUSION: We strongly recommend routine CCT studies to patients with GCS of 13 and 14 or to multiple trauma victims, independently of score. Routine screening skull radiographs were not useful in the evaluation of mild head trauma patients in this study.OBJETIVO: Identificar quais os pacientes na faixa pediátrica com trauma craniencefálico leve são candidatos para a realização de radiografia simples ou tomografia computadorizada do crânio (TCC). MÉTODO: Pacientes com trauma craniano leve, entre 0 e 19 anos, admitidos em um centro de referência em traumatologia, na cidade do Salvador, Brasil, entre maio 2007 e maio 2008. RESULTADOS: Foram atendidos 1888 pacientes com trauma craniano leve, com idade média de 7,4 (±5,5) anos. Um total de 1956 radiografias simples e 734 TCC foram realizadas. Em 44,4% dos pacientes com escala de coma de Glasgow (GCS) 13 e 55.4% com GCS 14, tiveram TCC com achados anormais. Em pacientes com múltiplos traumas, 16% possuíam alterações na TCC. CONCLUSÃO: Recomendamos TCC em pacientes com GCS 13 e 14 ou naqueles com traumas múltiplos, independente do GCS. Radiografias simples do crânio como rotina, não foram identificadas como úteis, no presente estudo